Author

Gloria E. Cotton

With National Board Certification in secondary science, Gloria E. Cotton spent her career teaching high school chemistry in public school classrooms before retiring from the district. She explains atomic structure and fundamental chemical properties. Cotton now helps run hands-on lab experiments as a volunteer with a local teen science club.

The Difference Between Ground State and Excited State
Why Do Electrons Become Delocalised in Metals?
What Is an Electron Shell and How Does It Work?
Why Has the Atomic Model Changed Over Time?
What Is the Modern Atomic Theory?
What Experimental Evidence Shaped Each Atomic Model?
What Quantum Numbers Apply to Electrons in P Orbitals?
What Are Dalton’s Postulates of Atomic Theory?
What Is Dalton’s Atomic Theory? The Four Postulates
How Many 8p Orbitals Exist in an Atom?
What Is the Electron Cloud of an Atom?
What Is the Difference Between an Element and a Particle?
What Is the Difference Between Ground State and Excited State?
What Is an Atomic Emission Spectrum?
How Can Matter Be Classified?
Do Positive Ions Have More Protons Than Electrons?
Can a Particle Be a Single Atom?
What Is the Significance of the Spin Quantum Number?
What Is the Plum Pudding Model of the Atom?
What Is the Ground State of an Atom?
What Did Democritus Think the Atom Looked Like?
What Are Quantum Numbers and What Do They Represent?
What Is the Bohr Model for Aluminum?
What Are the Possible Values of the Angular Momentum Quantum Number l?
What Do Electrons in the Same Shell Have in Common?
What Is ml in Quantum Numbers and What Does It Mean?
What Makes an Atom Stable?
Why the Plum Pudding Model Is Wrong: An Atomic Explanation
What Are Electron Orbitals? A Simple Explanation