Tennessee’s diverse landscapes provide habitats for a variety of snake species, both venomous and non-venomous. These reptiles are a natural part of Tennessee’s wildlife, contributing to the ecological balance of different environments.
An Overview of Tennessee’s Snake Population
Tennessee is home to approximately 32 to 34 different species of snakes. Of these, only four are venomous; the vast majority (28 to 30 species) are non-venomous. They play a significant role in nature’s pest control, particularly by consuming rodents and insects.
Snakes are generally reclusive and tend to avoid human contact, typically attempting to escape rather than engage when encountered.
Identifying Tennessee’s Venomous Snakes
Tennessee has four venomous snake species, all belonging to the pit viper family: the Copperhead, Cottonmouth, Timber Rattlesnake, and Pygmy Rattlesnake. These snakes possess heat-sensing pits located between their eyes and nostrils.
The Copperhead is a medium-sized snake, typically 24 to 36 inches long, with a heavy body and a distinctive coppery-red, triangular head. Its body features dark brown, hourglass-shaped crossbands that are wide on the sides and narrow at the center of the back. Juvenile copperheads have bright yellow tails, which they use to lure prey. The Cottonmouth, also known as a water moccasin, is often found near water sources like floodplains and wetlands. Adults are typically dark, but younger cottonmouths may show patterns of dark bands on a lighter background.
Timber Rattlesnakes are the largest venomous snakes in the state, often reaching lengths of 3 to 5 feet, and are characterized by their heavy bodies and the rattle at the end of their tail. Their coloration varies but typically includes gray or tan with dark crossbands. The Pygmy Rattlesnake is smaller, usually under 2 feet long, and is often found in pine forests or near water sources. It has a small rattle that often sounds like a buzzing insect.
Common Non-Venomous Snakes in Tennessee
Most snakes encountered in Tennessee are non-venomous and pose little threat to humans. Non-venomous snakes typically have round pupils and lack the heat-sensing pits characteristic of pit vipers.
Common non-venomous species include the Garter Snake, Black Racer, and Rat Snake. Garter snakes are slender with stripes running down their bodies and are frequently found in gardens and grassy areas. Black Racers are fast-moving, uniformly dark snakes that can reach considerable lengths and are known to eat rodents and insects. Rat snakes, such as the Gray Rat Snake, are excellent climbers and are often found in barns and attics, preying on rodents. King snakes, including the Eastern Black Kingsnake, are also common and are known for eating other snakes, including venomous ones.
Coexisting Safely with Tennessee Snakes
Knowing how to respond safely to a snake encounter in Tennessee is important. The most effective approach is to leave snakes undisturbed, observing them from a safe distance to allow them to continue their natural behaviors without feeling threatened.
If a snake is found in a yard or near a home, do not attempt to handle or remove it. Instead, contact local animal control or wildlife services for assistance. Reducing potential snake attractants around properties, such as clearing clutter, sealing entry points into buildings, and managing rodent populations, can help minimize encounters. These practices create an environment less appealing to snakes, promoting safer coexistence.