Wolffia globosa, a minuscule aquatic plant, is widely recognized as “water lentils” or “duckweed.” This tiny plant, considered the world’s smallest flowering plant, thrives globally in calm freshwater bodies like ponds, lakes, and marshes. For centuries, it has served as a traditional food source in various cultures, particularly in Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar, where it is known as “Khai nam” or “Mankai.” Due to its rapid growth rate and impressive nutritional density, Wolffia globosa is gaining considerable attention as a “superfood” and a promising ingredient for dietary supplements.
Nutritional Content
Wolffia globosa has a comprehensive nutritional profile. It contains high protein, ranging from 20-40% of its dry weight, which surpasses many other plant-based protein sources like soybeans, lentils, and quinoa. This plant protein is complete, providing all nine essential amino acids, including leucine, lysine, methionine, and threonine, in proportions comparable to animal proteins.
Wolffia globosa offers significant dietary fiber, with content between 10.7% and 16.5% of dry weight, which supports digestive health. It also provides essential fatty acids, notably a favorable omega-3 to omega-6 ratio, ranging from 2:1 to 3:1, due to its high alpha-linolenic acid content.
The plant is a source of various vitamins, including Vitamin A (as beta-carotene, 12,000-15,000 IU per 100g dry weight), B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, folate), Vitamin C (10-15mg per 100g dry weight), and Vitamin E (5-7mg per 100g dry weight). Uniquely, Wolffia globosa is one of the rare plant-based sources of active Vitamin B12, with levels ranging from 1.2-2.0 µg per 100g.
It also provides a range of minerals such as iron (15-20mg per 100g dry weight), calcium (400-500mg per 100g), magnesium (250-300mg per 100g), zinc (3-4mg per 100g), and manganese (3-4mg per 100g). Additionally, it contains beneficial phytonutrients like polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids (including lutein and violaxanthin), and phytosterols, which contribute to its antioxidant properties.
Health Benefits
Wolffia globosa’s rich nutritional composition offers several potential health advantages. Its high dietary fiber promotes digestive regularity and supports a healthy gut microbiome. This fiber, combined with its protein, may contribute to feelings of fullness and satiety, assisting with weight management.
Studies suggest Wolffia globosa can play a role in blood sugar management. Consuming Wolffia globosa can help moderate post-meal glucose peaks and lead to a faster return to baseline blood sugar levels after carbohydrate consumption. The plant’s antioxidant compounds, including polyphenols and carotenoids, help combat oxidative stress in the body.
The plant’s comprehensive nutrient profile also supports overall well-being. Its B vitamins and iron contribute to energy metabolism and red blood cell formation, while omega-3 fatty acids support cardiovascular health. Some research indicates that incorporating Wolffia globosa into the diet, particularly as part of a balanced eating pattern like the green Mediterranean diet, may lead to reductions in liver fat and improvements in lipid profiles.
Supplement Forms and Administration
Wolffia globosa is available in various forms, primarily as a dried powder or in frozen biomass cubes. The powdered form offers versatility, allowing it to be easily mixed into smoothies, yogurts, or other foods without significantly altering their taste. Fresh or frozen biomass can also be incorporated into meals, such as curries, omelets, or soups, reflecting its traditional culinary uses.
Recommended serving sizes vary by product and individual needs. For instance, a common recommendation for the dried powder might be a few grams per day, while a cup of a Wolffia shake, equivalent to about 20 grams of dry matter, can provide a significant portion of daily nutrient recommendations. Always follow the specific instructions provided by the supplement manufacturer. For personalized guidance on dosage, especially for those with particular health conditions or dietary considerations, consulting a healthcare professional is recommended.
Safety Information
While Wolffia globosa is generally considered safe and has a history of traditional consumption, certain safety aspects require consideration. Some individuals may experience mild digestive upset, such as bloating or gas, particularly when first introducing it into their diet due to its fiber content. Start with smaller amounts and gradually increase intake to assess tolerance.
The concentration of certain trace elements and potential contaminants in Wolffia globosa depends on its cultivation conditions and the composition of the fertilizers used. Sourcing supplements from reputable manufacturers who adhere to strict quality control and testing standards is important to ensure purity and minimize the risk of contaminants.
Wolffia globosa contains phylloquinone (Vitamin K1), ranging from 2-12 mg per 100g in powder form. This level, when consumed as a supplement, may antagonize the effects of anticoagulant medications like coumarins. Individuals taking such medications should consult their doctor before using Wolffia globosa supplements. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, as well as those with known allergies, should also seek medical advice before incorporating Wolffia globosa into their diet. Concerns exist regarding manganese intake, as its concentration in Wolffia globosa powder is higher compared to other manganese-rich foods.