Epinephrine is a life-saving medication used to treat severe allergic reactions, known as anaphylaxis. While administering epinephrine quickly is crucial for immediate treatment, it is equally important to understand that calling 911 immediately afterward is a non-negotiable step. This critical action ensures ongoing medical supervision and addresses potential complications that can arise after initial symptom improvement.
Epinephrine’s Mechanism and Temporary Nature
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, works rapidly to counteract the symptoms of anaphylaxis. It acts on various receptors in the body, causing blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure and reducing swelling. Epinephrine also relaxes the muscles in the airways, making it easier to breathe, and can reduce hives and itching.
Despite its effects, epinephrine’s action is temporary, lasting about 20 to 30 minutes. This means that while it offers immediate relief and can stabilize a person experiencing anaphylaxis, it does not cure the underlying allergic reaction. The medication serves as a bridge, providing time until further medical care is provided.
The Risk of Biphasic Reactions
One of the most significant reasons for immediate medical attention after epinephrine administration is the risk of a biphasic reaction. A biphasic reaction involves the recurrence of anaphylactic symptoms hours after the initial symptoms have resolved. These secondary reactions can be as severe as the first, and are unpredictable in their timing, appearing 1 to 72 hours later, often within 8 to 11 hours.
Continuous medical monitoring is essential because a biphasic reaction can manifest suddenly, requiring intervention. Without professional observation, a person might experience a return of severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing or a drop in blood pressure, without further treatment. Medical oversight in a healthcare setting is necessary to detect and manage a potential second wave of symptoms.
Comprehensive Medical Assessment and Care
Beyond the risk of biphasic reactions, emergency medical services (EMS) and hospital staff provide a thorough medical assessment. This includes evaluating the severity of the initial anaphylactic episode and checking for other potential complications. Medical professionals can assess whether additional interventions are needed to stabilize the patient.
These additional treatments may include intravenous fluids to support blood pressure, antihistamines and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and allergic responses, or oxygen therapy for breathing support. Medical professionals have the expertise and resources to administer these treatments and provide continuous monitoring. This comprehensive approach helps ensure recovery and minimizes further complications.
What to Expect After Calling 911
Once 911 is called, paramedics will be dispatched to the location to assess the patient. They will continue to monitor vital signs while providing immediate care. After this assessment, they will transport the patient to an emergency department for further evaluation and observation.
At the hospital, medical personnel will continue to observe the patient for several hours, for 4 to 12 hours, to ensure no biphasic reaction occurs. Before discharge, patients receive instructions, including a new prescription for an epinephrine auto-injector and a referral to an allergist for follow-up and to identify triggers. This process helps ensure safety and prepares them for managing future allergic reactions.