Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, are small, painful lesions that develop on the soft tissues inside the mouth or at the base of the gums. These common, non-contagious sores can make eating and talking uncomfortable. Stress is a significant contributing factor, though their exact cause is not always clear.
The Stress Connection
Stress can influence the body in various ways, potentially contributing to the development of canker sores. When under stress, the body releases hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which can temporarily suppress the immune system. This weakened immune response might make oral tissues more susceptible to minor irritations, triggering a canker sore.
Some studies suggest a correlation between elevated stress levels and the occurrence of canker sores. While stress does not directly cause these ulcers, it can act as an exacerbating factor in individuals already prone to them.
Other Triggers and Characteristics
Beyond stress, several other factors can trigger canker sores. Minor injuries to the mouth, such as accidentally biting the cheek, aggressive brushing, or irritation from dental work, are common culprits. Certain foods, particularly acidic items like citrus fruits, tomatoes, chocolate, and coffee, can also provoke an outbreak.
Nutritional deficiencies, such as in vitamin B12, iron, folate, and zinc, are also associated with canker sore development. Some toothpastes containing sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have been linked to recurrent sores. Canker sores are round or oval lesions with a white or yellowish center and a distinct red border. They form on the inside of the lips, cheeks, tongue, or soft palate and usually heal within one to two weeks.
Managing Canker Sores
Once a canker sore appears, strategies can help alleviate pain and promote healing. Rinsing with salt water or baking soda can cleanse the area and reduce inflammation. Applying ice can provide temporary numbing and pain relief.
Over-the-counter topical anesthetics (e.g., benzocaine or lidocaine) can numb the sore, offering relief. Protective pastes or gels can form a barrier over the ulcer, shielding it from further irritation. Maintaining good oral hygiene, using a soft-bristled toothbrush, and avoiding trigger foods are beneficial during healing.
Consult a doctor or dentist if canker sores are unusually large, persist for more than two weeks, or recur frequently. Also seek medical advice if severe pain interferes with eating or drinking, or if sores are accompanied by a high fever.
Preventing Future Outbreaks
Proactive measures can reduce the frequency of canker sore outbreaks. Stress reduction techniques are beneficial, especially if stress is a known trigger. Practices like mindfulness, meditation, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and effective time management can help mitigate stress levels.
Identifying and avoiding food triggers, such as acidic or spicy foods, can prevent irritation. Switching to toothpastes without sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) may also be helpful. If nutritional deficiencies are identified, taking vitamin or mineral supplements (e.g., B12, iron, folate, or zinc) can help prevent recurrence.