Allergic reactions occur when the body’s immune system overreacts to otherwise harmless substances, known as allergens. This immune response can lead to a range of uncomfortable or even dangerous symptoms. Medical professionals often prescribe corticosteroids, commonly referred to as “steroids,” to manage and treat these reactions. These medications are distinct from anabolic steroids, which enhance muscle growth. This article explains why corticosteroids calm allergic responses.
How Allergic Reactions Affect the Body
During an allergic reaction, the immune system mistakenly identifies a benign substance, such as pollen or certain foods, as a threat. In response, immune cells, particularly mast cells and basophils, release a chemical called histamine. Histamine is a signaling chemical that increases blood flow and causes inflammation in affected tissues.
The effects of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals manifest as a variety of common allergic symptoms. These can include localized inflammation, swelling, and itching. Individuals may experience hives or a red skin rash. In more severe instances, allergic reactions can lead to difficulty breathing due to airway constriction or a significant drop in blood pressure, a condition known as anaphylaxis.
How Steroids Calm Allergic Responses
The “steroids” prescribed for allergic reactions are specifically corticosteroids, a class of steroid hormones. These compounds possess powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They work by reducing the production of various pro-inflammatory chemicals, such as cytokines and leukotrienes.
Corticosteroids interfere with immune cell function, inhibiting the activation and proliferation of white blood cells involved in inflammation. They also stabilize cell membranes, preventing the further release of inflammatory mediators from cells like mast cells. This comprehensive action alleviates symptoms such as swelling, redness, itching, and airway constriction, calming the body’s exaggerated response.
Types of Steroids and Their Use
Corticosteroids are administered in various forms, but for systemic allergic reactions, oral or injectable medications are commonly used. These systemic steroids distribute throughout the body to address widespread inflammation. Common examples of these medications include prednisone and methylprednisolone.
The specific type of corticosteroid, its dosage, and the duration of treatment depend on the severity and nature of the allergic reaction. For instance, a short course of oral steroids may be prescribed for acute, severe reactions where antihistamines alone are insufficient.
What to Know When Taking Steroids
Patients taking corticosteroids for allergic reactions should be aware of potential short-term side effects. These can include insomnia, mood changes such as agitation or emotional lability, and an increased appetite. Some individuals may also experience temporary elevated blood sugar levels or stomach upset.
It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and duration, even if symptoms improve quickly. Abruptly stopping corticosteroids, especially after prolonged use or high doses, can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a relapse of the allergic condition.
This is because the body’s natural production of cortisol can be suppressed by external steroid use, requiring a gradual reduction, or “taper,” to allow the adrenal glands to recover. Patients should discuss any concerns or severe side effects with a healthcare professional, who can also advise on potential interactions with other medications.