Squirrels are recognized for their active movements and distinctive sounds. These vocalizations are not random chatter; they represent a complex communication system. Each sound serves a specific purpose, providing information about their environment and interactions.
Warning Signals
Squirrels use vocalizations to alert others to potential danger. They emit sharp barks, chatters, and chirps as alarm calls when perceiving threats like predators or approaching humans. The intensity and rhythm of these sounds convey the level of danger; rapid, repetitive barks indicate an immediate threat. A series of “kuks” often signals a nearby predator, while “quaas” might suggest the predator is moving away. Some species, like the Eastern gray squirrel, use “moans” for aerial threats and “kuks” or “quaas” for terrestrial dangers.
Social Communication
Beyond warning signals, squirrels use sounds for interacting. Aggressive chattering or scolding defends territory, especially when another squirrel encroaches on their space or food cache. These territorial vocalizations can be accompanied by tail flicking to emphasize their message. During mating season, specific calls and chirps are used in courtship rituals; males might make a soft “muk-muk” sound to reassure a female, while females may emit a “quaa” sound when receptive. Context, such as one squirrel chasing another, helps distinguish mating chatter from alarm calls.
Maternal and Offspring Interactions
Mother squirrels and their young, known as kits, engage in distinct vocal communication. Mothers use soft chirps or cooing sounds to communicate with kits inside the nest or to call them back, helping maintain contact and guide the vulnerable young. Young kits produce specific sounds to express their needs. High-pitched squeaks or cries from kits signal distress, hunger, or being lost, prompting the mother to respond. A “muk-muk” sound is also a common hunger call made by baby squirrels.
Sounds of Distress and Play
Squirrels emit vocalizations indicating acute distress or during playful interactions. A loud, sustained scream signals genuine distress, heard if a squirrel is injured, caught, or frightened. This high-pitched cry alerts other squirrels to danger and may attract attention from potential rescuers. In contrast, during playful interactions or mock chases, squirrels make quieter chirps or excited squeaks. These sounds are distinct from alarm or aggressive calls, reflecting a different emotional state.