A sudden red dot in the eye can be an unsettling discovery. While its appearance can be alarming, a red spot on the white of the eye is typically a harmless condition that resolves without intervention. Understanding the nature of this phenomenon can alleviate concern and provide clarity on when it might warrant professional attention.
Understanding the Red Dot
The red dot is most commonly a subconjunctival hemorrhage, which occurs when a tiny blood vessel breaks beneath the clear surface of the eye. This clear membrane, called the conjunctiva, covers the white part of the eye (sclera) and contains numerous small, fragile blood vessels. When one ruptures, blood leaks and becomes trapped between the conjunctiva and the sclera, creating a red patch.
A subconjunctival hemorrhage typically causes no pain, swelling, or changes in vision. The blood is on the surface of the eye, not inside it, so vision remains unaffected. The spot may feel slightly scratchy or irritating, but there should be no discharge.
Common Reasons for a Red Dot
Several common factors can contribute to the rupture of these delicate blood vessels. Physical strain that causes a sudden, temporary increase in blood pressure is a frequent cause. Actions such as vigorous coughing, powerful sneezing, vomiting, or straining during heavy lifting can increase pressure, leading to a vessel breaking. Straining during bowel movements or even childbirth can also contribute.
Minor eye trauma is another common reason. This can include rubbing the eyes vigorously, which creates friction and pressure on the small vessels. Even a foreign object entering the eye can cause irritation or minor injury, resulting in a hemorrhage. Contact lens use has also been identified as a risk factor, particularly in younger individuals, possibly due to increased eye rubbing or irritation.
Certain medical conditions and medications can also increase the likelihood of a subconjunctival hemorrhage. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, makes blood vessels more fragile and prone to rupture. Diabetes can also weaken blood vessels, increasing the risk, especially in older individuals. Additionally, medications that thin the blood, such as aspirin or warfarin, can make vessels break and bleed more easily.
When to Seek Professional Advice
While most red dots are harmless, certain signs indicate that professional medical evaluation is advisable. If the red spot is accompanied by eye pain, changes in vision such as blurriness or loss of vision, or discharge from the eye, consult an eye doctor. These symptoms are not typical of a simple subconjunctival hemorrhage and could suggest a more serious underlying issue.
Recurring red dots without an obvious cause, or hemorrhages in both eyes, also warrant a medical visit. Frequent occurrences might indicate an underlying condition, such as uncontrolled high blood pressure, a bleeding disorder, or certain vascular diseases. If the red spot is very large, grows significantly after the initial appearance, or does not clear within a typical timeframe, seek professional advice. Any red dot from significant eye injury or trauma also requires immediate assessment.
What to Expect and Home Care
A subconjunctival hemorrhage typically resolves on its own without specific medical treatment. The blood will gradually be reabsorbed by the body. The color of the red spot may change over time, fading from bright red to brown, then to yellow. This healing process usually takes one to two weeks, though larger spots may take longer, up to a few weeks.
If mild irritation or a scratchy feeling occurs, artificial tears can provide some relief. A cold compress may help with any discomfort or swelling. Avoiding excessive eye rubbing and strenuous activities or heavy lifting until the eye has healed helps prevent further irritation or re-bleeding. Also avoid aspirin or other blood-thinning products unless medically necessary, as they can increase bleeding.