Discovering a lump on your testicles can cause significant concern. While many testicular lumps are benign, some may indicate conditions requiring prompt medical attention. This article provides general information on various causes. However, it is not a substitute for professional medical advice; always seek evaluation from a healthcare professional for any new or concerning lump.
Common Harmless Causes
Many lumps on or around the testicles are not cancerous and pose little health risk. These benign conditions often result from fluid accumulation or structural variations. Understanding them can help alleviate anxiety, though medical confirmation remains important.
Epididymal cysts, also known as spermatoceles, are fluid-filled sacs that develop in the epididymis, a coiled tube behind the testicle. These typically painless, non-cancerous cysts may feel like a small, smooth lump. They vary in size and often contain clear or milky fluid. Most do not require treatment unless they cause discomfort or grow significantly.
Varicoceles are enlarged veins within the scrotum, similar to varicose veins in legs. They typically develop during puberty and are more common on the left side due to anatomical differences. A varicocele may feel like a “bag of worms” above the testicle and can cause a dull ache or heavy feeling, especially after prolonged standing or activity. While often harmless, large varicoceles may be associated with discomfort or fertility concerns.
Hydroceles involve a collection of fluid around a testicle, leading to scrotal swelling. This fluid accumulates within the tunica vaginalis, a sac surrounding the testicle. Hydroceles are common in newborns and often resolve on their own, but they can also occur in adults due to injury, infection, or inflammation. The swelling is usually painless, though it may feel heavy and fluctuate.
Sebaceous cysts are small, non-cancerous bumps that form just under the skin. They result from blocked sebaceous glands, which produce oil. These cysts can appear anywhere, including the scrotum, and often feel like a small, firm, movable lump. While generally harmless, they can sometimes become inflamed or infected.
Conditions Requiring Prompt Attention
Some non-cancerous conditions affecting the testicles require timely medical evaluation due to potential pain, complications, or specific treatment. These conditions often present with noticeable symptoms that differentiate them from benign lumps. Prompt medical care can prevent more serious health issues.
Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, the tube located at the back of the testicle. It is most often caused by bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or urinary tract infections. Symptoms typically include testicle pain and tenderness that develops slowly, along with scrotal swelling, redness, and warmth. Other symptoms may include painful urination, penile discharge, or lower abdominal discomfort.
Orchitis is inflammation of one or both testicles, frequently caused by bacterial or viral infections, such as the mumps virus. It often occurs alongside epididymitis, a condition known as epididymo-orchitis. Symptoms include rapid onset of testicle pain and swelling, which can spread to the groin, accompanied by tenderness, redness, or a heavy feeling. Fever, nausea, and vomiting may also occur.
Testicular torsion is a medical emergency occurring when the spermatic cord, which supplies blood to the testicle, twists. This cuts off the blood supply, leading to sudden, severe pain and swelling. Other signs include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and one testicle appearing higher or at an unusual angle. Immediate surgical intervention is necessary to restore blood flow and save the testicle, as prolonged lack of blood supply causes permanent damage.
Understanding Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer is a concern for anyone who discovers a lump, though it is relatively rare compared to benign causes. It typically presents as a painless lump or swelling on the testicle. The lump may feel hard, and the entire testicle might seem firmer than usual. This cancer most commonly affects males between 15 and 35, making awareness and early detection particularly important.
While pain is not a common initial symptom, some may experience a heavy feeling in the scrotum or a dull ache. Testicular cancer typically originates from germ cells within the testicle. Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes, as it has a high survival rate when identified promptly.
When to See a Doctor
Any new lump or change in your testicles warrants a medical evaluation. This includes noticing a lump, swelling, or any change in shape or feel, or if one testicle becomes larger or you experience persistent aching or discomfort. Seek immediate medical care if you experience sudden, severe pain in a testicle, especially if accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. Other concerning signs include fever, redness, or penile discharge.
What to Expect During a Medical Evaluation
When you visit a healthcare provider for a testicular lump, they will typically ask about your medical history and specific symptoms. This includes when you first noticed the lump, any associated pain, and changes in its size or texture. A physical examination will be performed, where the provider will visually inspect and gently feel your testicles and scrotum to assess the lump’s characteristics.
To help determine the cause, the provider may shine a light through the scrotum to check for fluid accumulation, as fluid-filled sacs often transilluminate. Further diagnostic tests may be ordered, such as a scrotal ultrasound, which uses sound waves to create images. Blood tests may also be conducted to check for infection markers or tumor markers that can indicate cancer.