Redness under the eye is a common issue that can stem from a variety of causes, ranging from minor irritations to more significant underlying health concerns. Understanding the potential reasons behind under-eye redness can help individuals determine appropriate steps for managing the condition. This guide explores various factors that contribute to this redness.
Common Irritants and Lifestyle Factors
Allergic reactions frequently cause redness under the eyes. When allergens like pollen, pet dander, or dust mites come into contact with the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the eye and inner eyelid, mast cells release histamine. This release results in red, itchy, and watery eyes. Cosmetics, perfumes, and even certain eye drops or contact lens solutions can also trigger contact dermatitis, causing red, irritated, and flaky skin around the eyes.
Physical irritation and environmental factors also contribute to under-eye redness. Rubbing the eyes excessively or using harsh skincare products can directly irritate the delicate skin, leading to inflammation and discoloration. Dry air, whether from low humidity indoors or windy outdoor conditions, can cause tears to evaporate too quickly, leaving the eyes unprotected and prone to redness. Prolonged exposure to sunlight can also induce inflammation in sensitive eyes. Fatigue or insufficient sleep can make blood vessels under the thin skin of the eyelids more prominent, contributing to a reddish appearance.
Inflammation and Infections
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, involves inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear tissue lining the eyelids and covering the white part of the eye. This condition often results in pink or red eyes, accompanied by itching, burning, and watery discharge. Viral and bacterial forms of conjunctivitis are highly contagious, while allergic conjunctivitis is not.
Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids, often characterized by red, swollen, irritated, and itchy eyelids with crusty, dandruff-like flakes on the eyelashes. This condition can occur when oil glands in the eyelids become clogged or due to an overgrowth of bacteria on the eyelids. Blepharitis can be chronic and may lead to complications like styes or dry eye.
A stye presents as a tender, painful red bump on the edge of the eyelid. This localized infection arises when a small oil-producing gland in an eyelash follicle or eyelid becomes blocked and infected by bacteria. While usually not serious, a stye can cause eyelid swelling, soreness, and a feeling of something being in the eye.
Periorbital cellulitis is a bacterial infection affecting the eyelid and the skin surrounding the eye. It commonly causes noticeable swelling, redness, or discoloration of the upper and lower eyelids. This infection can develop from a scratch, cut, insect bite, or even spread from a sinus infection or a stye. Periorbital cellulitis requires prompt medical attention to prevent progression to a more serious infection.
Underlying Health Conditions
Eczema is a chronic skin condition that can manifest as redness around the eyes. It causes dry, itchy, and sometimes scaly patches on the delicate eyelid skin. This condition is often influenced by a combination of genetic factors, environmental triggers, and allergies. Eczema can also present with swollen skin, raised bumps, or blisters around the eyes.
Psoriasis, an inflammatory condition caused by an overactive immune system, can also affect the skin around the eyes. When it occurs near the eyes, psoriasis can lead to red or discolored, scaly, and crusted patches on the eyelids. These plaques may cause discomfort and dryness.
Ocular rosacea is a subtype of rosacea, a chronic skin disease characterized by facial redness and inflammation, which specifically affects the eyes and surrounding skin. Symptoms include red, burning, or watery eyes, along with redness and swelling of the eyelids. This condition can also lead to the formation of styes and a gritty sensation in the eyes.
Certain autoimmune conditions can also lead to eye inflammation and redness. Diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and psoriatic arthritis may cause conditions like uveitis or scleritis, which involve inflammation within the eye or of its outer white wall. These systemic issues can present with symptoms like eye pain, light sensitivity, blurry vision, and visible redness.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While many instances of under-eye redness resolve with self-care, certain symptoms warrant professional medical evaluation. If the redness persists for longer than a week or worsens over time, consulting a healthcare professional is advisable.
Immediate medical attention is necessary for more concerning signs, including:
Severe eye pain
Sudden changes in vision, such as blurriness or double vision
Increased sensitivity to light
Presence of pus or excessive discharge from the eye
Rapidly spreading redness
Fever
Inability to open the eye
A bulging eye