Feeling unwell after using an electronic cigarette, often described as feeling “sick,” points to several distinct underlying causes. These causes relate to the e-liquid, the hardware, or the user’s technique. Identifying the specific source of the discomfort is the first step toward finding a solution. Reactions range from temporary nicotine overexposure to sensitivities toward common ingredients or hardware malfunctions.
Understanding Nicotine Overdose
The most common reason for acute sickness from vaping is the rapid absorption of too much nicotine, often referred to as “nic sick.” Vaping devices deliver nicotine efficiently, leading to a quick rise in bloodstream concentration. This rapid overexposure can result in mild to moderate nicotine poisoning.
Symptoms of this overexposure typically manifest quickly, sometimes within 15 minutes. These include a sudden headache, dizziness, or nausea that can progress to vomiting. Other signs are increased heart rate (tachycardia), cold sweats, and a general feeling of agitation or jitters.
This overdose is often related to using an e-liquid with a nicotine concentration that is too high for the user’s tolerance, particularly high-strength nicotine salts. It can also occur from using the device too frequently without breaks, preventing the body time to metabolize the substance. Reducing the frequency of use or switching to a lower-strength liquid is the immediate step to prevent this acute reaction.
Reactions to E-Liquid Ingredients
Not all adverse reactions are due to nicotine; some individuals exhibit sensitivities to the non-nicotine base ingredients of the e-liquid. The primary components, Propylene Glycol (PG) and Vegetable Glycerin (VG), can be irritants. Propylene glycol, used to enhance flavor and create a throat hit, is hygroscopic, meaning it attracts and absorbs water.
This water-attracting property can lead to dehydration symptoms, such as a sore throat, dry mouth, headaches, or generalized nausea. Some users have a specific sensitivity or allergy to PG, which can cause symptoms like skin rashes, sinus issues, or increased coughing. If a PG sensitivity is suspected, switching to an e-liquid with a higher VG ratio often alleviates these irritations.
Vegetable Glycerin (VG), which produces denser vapor clouds, is generally considered milder, but some users may still experience irritation or sensitivity. Allergic reactions to VG are rare and less common than with PG. Furthermore, the flavorings themselves, which are complex chemical compounds, can sometimes be the source of irritation or an allergic response.
Issues Related to Hardware and Technique
Sickness can also arise from mechanical issues within the device or improper usage technique. One immediate and unpleasant cause is a “dry hit,” which occurs when the coil heats up before the wick is fully saturated with e-liquid. Inhaling this vapor from a burnt wick causes a harsh, acrid taste and immediate irritation.
A dry hit is problematic because the extreme heat causes the thermal decomposition of the PG and VG base, generating toxic compounds. This process creates aldehydes, such as formaldehyde and acrolein, that cause acute throat pain, coughing fits, and instant nausea. Replacing the coil and ensuring the wick is primed before use prevents this chemical exposure.
Another concern relates to heavy metal leaching from the heating coil itself. Metals like nickel, chromium, and lead can transfer from the coil components into the e-liquid and subsequently into the aerosol. While this is often a long-term exposure risk, the presence of these metals may contribute to general feelings of being unwell.
Recognizing Severe Symptoms and Seeking Help
While most instances of feeling sick from vaping are mild and temporary, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention. Vomiting or severe nausea that does not subside after stopping use is a serious sign of advanced nicotine poisoning. Similarly, an irregular heartbeat, chest pain, or difficulty breathing requires emergency medical care. Symptoms of severe toxicity, such as tremors, confusion, or seizures, indicate a life-threatening medical emergency. If a user experiences these severe signs, or if a child has ingested e-liquid, emergency services or Poison Control should be contacted immediately.
For mild symptoms, the best self-care involves stopping use, moving to fresh air, and drinking water to help flush the system. Users should also be aware of E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI), a distinct, severe lung condition. EVALI is characterized by flu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, a persistent cough, and gastrointestinal issues like abdominal pain and diarrhea. Anyone who vapes and experiences this cluster of symptoms should seek prompt medical evaluation, as these signs indicate a serious inflammatory lung injury.