A burning sensation on the tongue, often described as scalding or tingling, can be an uncomfortable symptom. This feeling may occur even without consuming hot or spicy foods, making eating, drinking, and speaking challenging. The discomfort can range from mild tingling to severe, persistent pain, affecting the tongue, lips, gums, or other areas of the mouth. This sensation can arise suddenly and may persist for extended periods.
Burning Mouth Syndrome Explained
Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a distinct condition characterized by a chronic burning sensation in the mouth without any apparent underlying medical or dental cause. This form is known as primary or idiopathic BMS, meaning its origin is unknown. Individuals with BMS often describe the feeling as if they have scalded their mouth, even though no such injury occurred. Accompanying symptoms can include a metallic or bitter taste, or a subjective sensation of dry mouth, even when saliva production is normal.
Diagnosis of primary BMS typically involves a process of exclusion, where other potential causes for the burning sensation are ruled out. This diagnostic approach is crucial because oral tissues often appear healthy upon examination, with no visible lesions or abnormalities. While primary BMS is thought to be related to nerve damage, a secondary form of BMS exists. In secondary BMS, the burning sensation is a symptom of another identifiable medical condition, and treating the underlying cause can resolve the oral discomfort.
Underlying Medical Conditions
Beyond primary Burning Mouth Syndrome, various systemic and oral health conditions can cause a burning tongue. Dry mouth (xerostomia), where reduced saliva flow leads to inadequate lubrication and increased irritation of oral tissues, is a common culprit. This lack of saliva can make the mouth feel dry and contribute to a burning sensation. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly inadequate levels of B vitamins and iron, can also play a role, as these nutrients are essential for maintaining oral tissues and nerve function.
Oral infections, such as oral thrush (candidiasis) caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungus, are another common cause, leading to inflammation and a burning sensation. Acid reflux, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can cause stomach acid to regurgitate into the mouth, irritating the delicate oral lining. Hormonal fluctuations, particularly those experienced during menopause, are linked to burning mouth symptoms in women, as decreased estrogen can affect saliva production and increase pain sensitivity.
Nerve damage, or neuropathy, can also result in abnormal sensations like burning or tingling in the mouth. Systemic diseases like diabetes and thyroid disorders can impact oral health and sometimes present with oral symptoms, including a burning tongue. Managing these underlying medical conditions often alleviates the burning sensation.
External Factors and Irritants
External factors and daily habits can also contribute to a burning tongue sensation. Certain food sensitivities or allergies can trigger oral irritation, including highly acidic foods, very spicy dishes, or specific food additives that may provoke an allergic reaction. Ingredients commonly found in oral hygiene products, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or strong flavorings like cinnamon, can also be irritants.
Habits like excessive tongue thrusting, teeth grinding (bruxism), or over-brushing the tongue can physically irritate the delicate oral tissues. Tobacco and alcohol use are also known irritants. Both substances can dry out the mouth and directly irritate the lining of the oral cavity, leading to chronic burning sensations. Avoiding these external factors and adopting gentler oral care practices can help mitigate symptoms.
Medication Side Effects
Certain medications can also contribute to a burning tongue sensation as an unintended side effect. Many drug classes are known to cause dry mouth (xerostomia), which can lead to oral burning. When saliva production is reduced, the mouth’s natural protective barrier is compromised, making tissues more susceptible to irritation.
Beyond dry mouth, some medications can directly irritate oral tissues or affect nerve signals. For instance, certain blood pressure medications have been noted to cause burning mouth symptoms. If a burning tongue develops after starting a new medication or changing dosages, it is important to consider the possibility of a drug-related side effect. Consulting a healthcare professional to review current medications is advisable, as adjustments may alleviate the discomfort.