A burning sensation in the throat can feel like irritation, rawness, or warmth, often causing discomfort when swallowing or speaking. This sensation is a symptom, not a condition itself, and its intensity can vary from a minor annoyance to a serious issue. The location of the burning can hint at its origin, with upper throat burning often linked to infections and lower throat burning to digestive issues.
Common Reasons for a Burning Throat
Acid reflux, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), commonly causes a burning throat sensation. This occurs when stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus due to a weakened or improperly relaxed lower esophageal sphincter, irritating the esophageal lining. The acid can create a burning feeling in the throat and chest, sometimes with a sour or bitter taste.
Viral infections, such as the common cold, flu, or viral pharyngitis, are frequent culprits behind a burning throat. These viruses infect the nose and throat, leading to inflammation and irritation in the pharynx (the back of the throat). Symptoms like coughing, runny nose, and body aches often accompany the burning sensation.
Bacterial infections, notably strep throat (Streptococcus pyogenes), can also result in a burning throat. Strep throat often presents with a sudden, severe sore throat that makes swallowing painful, along with a fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and sometimes white patches on the tonsils. Unlike viral infections, strep throat typically does not involve a cough.
Allergies can lead to a burning throat through post-nasal drip, where excess mucus from the nose and sinuses drains down the back of the throat. This constant dripping irritates the throat tissues, causing a scratchy or burning feeling and often triggering a persistent cough. Allergic reactions to substances like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander increase mucus production.
Environmental factors contribute to throat irritation and burning. Dry air, especially during winter months or when air conditioning is in use, can dehydrate the mucous membranes in the throat. Exposure to smoke (from wildfires or cigarettes), other airborne pollutants, or chemical irritants can also inflame the airways, leading to a burning sensation.
Dehydration can directly cause a burning or sore throat because the body produces less saliva when fluid levels are low. Saliva helps keep the mouth and throat moist; without adequate hydration, the throat can dry out, becoming inflamed and painful. This can be particularly noticeable upon waking if one breathes through the mouth during sleep.
Overuse or strain of the voice, such as from yelling, prolonged singing, or excessive talking, can injure the vocal cords and surrounding muscles. This physical stress can lead to inflammation of the larynx (voice box), resulting in a burning sensation, hoarseness, or pain when speaking. Professions that require extensive voice use, like teaching or public speaking, are more susceptible to this type of irritation.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While many instances of a burning throat resolve on their own, certain symptoms warrant professional medical evaluation. If the burning sensation lasts longer than a few days or worsens, or if it persists for over two weeks, consulting a healthcare provider is advised.
Difficulty swallowing or breathing should prompt immediate medical care, as these can be signs of more serious conditions like epiglottitis or an abscess. Other concerning symptoms include a high fever, unexplained body aches, or a rash. Swollen glands in the neck that are tender to the touch may indicate a bacterial infection like strep throat, requiring antibiotics.
Unexplained weight loss accompanied by a burning throat can be a warning sign, as can the presence of blood in saliva or vomit. Severe pain that interferes with daily activities or symptoms that do not improve with home care after a reasonable period also suggest a need for medical consultation.
Soothing a Burning Throat at Home
For temporary relief, gargling with warm salt water can be beneficial. Dissolve 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon of salt in 8 ounces of warm water and gargle for 15 to 30 seconds several times a day. The saline solution helps draw excess fluid from inflamed tissues, reducing swelling and loosening thick mucus, which can then be expelled.
Drinking warm liquids, such as herbal tea with honey or clear broths, can help soothe the throat and maintain hydration. Honey can coat the throat and may help relieve cough symptoms, though it should not be given to children under one year old. Alternatively, some individuals find relief from cold items like ice chips or popsicles.
Using a humidifier adds moisture to the air, which can prevent the throat from drying out and soothe irritated mucous membranes, especially in dry environments or during sleep. Maintaining indoor humidity levels between 30% and 50% is generally recommended. Cleaning the humidifier regularly is important to prevent the spread of bacteria or mold.
Avoiding irritants is a helpful home measure. This includes steering clear of cigarette smoke, secondhand smoke, and air pollution. Limiting acidic foods or drinks, spicy foods, and very hot liquids can prevent further irritation to the sensitive throat lining.
Resting your voice allows the vocal cords to heal, especially if the burning is due to overuse. This means minimizing talking, singing, or shouting. Over-the-counter lozenges or sprays with ingredients like menthol, benzocaine, or phenol can provide temporary numbing and soothing effects. These products offer symptomatic relief but do not address the underlying cause of the burning sensation.