Skin irritation, redness, or a burning sensation while wearing a menstrual pad is often referred to as “pad rash” or contact dermatitis. This discomfort occurs when the sensitive skin of the vulva reacts to either the physical environment created by the pad or the chemical ingredients within it. Symptoms like itching, swelling, or stinging in the genital area, inner thighs, or buttocks are signs that the skin barrier has been compromised. Recognizing this as a treatable issue is the first step toward finding relief and preventing future discomfort.
Allergic Reactions to Pad Ingredients
Irritation from pads frequently stems from the various materials and additives used in their construction, leading to contact dermatitis. This skin inflammation can be categorized into two types: irritant contact dermatitis, which is direct physical or chemical damage, and allergic contact dermatitis, which involves a delayed immune system response.
Many conventional pads contain synthetic materials like plastics, polypropylene, and polyethylene in the top sheet, which can act as direct irritants. Fragrances, often added to “odor-control” products, are a significant source of irritation and allergic reactions, as these chemical compounds disrupt the skin’s natural balance.
Other components that can cause reactions include dyes used to color pads or packaging, and adhesives on the back sheet. The sticky strip may contain resins, such as colophony, or other synthetic glues known to trigger allergic contact dermatitis. Even the super-absorbent gels within the pad’s core sometimes contain acrylates or other chemicals that can be problematic upon prolonged contact.
Mechanical Irritation and Moisture Buildup
Beyond chemical ingredients, the physical interaction between the pad and the skin, coupled with the environment it creates, is a major cause of discomfort. Friction, or chafing, occurs when the pad’s surface rubs against the skin of the vulva and inner thighs, especially during movement like walking or exercising. Pads that are too large, poorly fitting, or have a rough, synthetic top layer increase this mechanical wear, leading to redness and tenderness.
The pad’s function of absorbing fluid creates an environment that fosters skin breakdown. Menstrual fluid, sweat, and natural genital moisture are trapped against the skin, creating a damp, warm environment. This occlusion prevents airflow, leading to maceration—the softening and weakening of the skin barrier.
When the skin is constantly moist and warm, it becomes vulnerable to irritation and secondary infections. This damp environment encourages the overgrowth of yeast or bacteria, sometimes resulting in conditions like intertrigo or a yeast infection. Infrequent pad changes compound this issue, as prolonged contact with moisture and trapped heat continues to damage the skin.
Treating Current Discomfort and Preventing Future Issues
Addressing current pad-related discomfort begins with immediate, gentle care of the irritated area. The problematic product should be removed, and the skin gently cleaned with lukewarm water, avoiding harsh or scented soaps. The area must then be thoroughly air-dried, as a dry environment is essential for healing the compromised skin barrier.
To soothe the inflammation, apply a thin layer of a mild barrier cream to the affected skin. Products containing zinc oxide or simple petroleum jelly create a protective layer that shields the skin from further moisture and friction, allowing the skin time to heal. For pronounced redness and itching, a non-prescription 1% hydrocortisone cream may be used sparingly for a few days to reduce the inflammatory response.
Preventing recurrence involves carefully selecting menstrual products and optimizing hygiene practices. Switching to pads made with 100% organic cotton or those explicitly labeled as hypoallergenic and fragrance-free can eliminate exposure to many common chemical irritants and synthetic materials. These alternatives are more breathable and less likely to cause a reaction than conventional pads containing plastics, dyes, and perfumes.
Ensuring frequent pad changes, ideally every four to six hours, prevents the excessive buildup of heat and moisture against the skin. If irritation is a persistent problem, exploring alternatives to disposable pads, such as medical-grade silicone menstrual cups or period underwear, may provide a long-term solution by removing the source of friction and chemical contact.