A burning and running nose is a common and often uncomfortable experience. These symptoms can arise from various sources, from temporary irritations to persistent conditions. While frequently benign, recognizing the potential causes provides clarity and can guide appropriate responses.
Infections of the Nasal Passages
Infections often cause a burning and running nose as the body reacts to invading pathogens. Viruses, responsible for the common cold (viral rhinitis), inflame the nasal lining, leading to increased mucus production and a burning irritation. Accompanying symptoms often include sneezing, sore throat, cough, and body aches.
Influenza (flu) is another common respiratory infection causing these nasal symptoms, often more severely than a cold. Flu symptoms appear suddenly and can include pronounced body aches, fever, and fatigue, alongside a runny or stuffy nose that might burn. Sinusitis, an inflammation or infection of the sinus cavities, can also manifest with a burning sensation and thick nasal discharge. This condition typically involves pressure and pain in the cheeks and forehead, differentiating it from a simple cold, and can be acute or chronic.
Allergic Responses
Allergic reactions are another cause of a burning and running nose, occurring when the immune system overreacts to harmless allergens. This condition, known as allergic rhinitis or hay fever, can be triggered by common environmental elements like pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or mold. When an allergen enters the body, immune cells release histamine, a natural chemical that causes inflammation, itching, sneezing, watery eyes, and a clear, runny nose. This histamine-induced inflammation causes the burning sensation.
Allergens can be seasonal, such as pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds, leading to symptoms during specific times of the year (typically spring, summer, or fall). Other allergens, like dust mites, mold spores, and pet dander, can cause perennial allergies, meaning symptoms may persist throughout the year. The body’s immune response to these perceived threats often results in characteristic nasal discharge and discomfort.
Environmental Factors and Irritants
Environmental factors, distinct from infections or allergens, can also provoke a burning and running nose. Dry air, especially in low humidity or from indoor heating, can dehydrate nasal mucous membranes. This dryness causes irritation and a burning sensation, sometimes leading to increased mucus production.
Airborne irritants can directly inflame the nasal lining. These include tobacco smoke, chemical fumes (e.g., cleaning products, perfumes), and air pollutants. Sudden temperature changes, like moving from warm indoors to cold outdoors, can trigger a runny nose and burning. The nose attempts to warm and humidify incoming air, and this rapid adjustment can irritate tissues.
Other Non-Infectious Causes
Beyond infections and allergies, other non-infectious conditions can cause a burning and running nose. Vasomotor rhinitis is a type of non-allergic rhinitis. This involves an overactive nervous system response to non-allergenic triggers like strong odors, spicy foods, emotional stress, or certain medications. Nasal blood vessels may dilate, causing swelling, congestion, a runny nose, and often a burning sensation.
Certain medications can also cause nasal symptoms as a side effect. Some blood pressure drugs, NSAIDs (like ibuprofen), and overuse of decongestant nasal sprays can cause nasal congestion and discharge. Hormonal changes (e.g., during pregnancy, puberty, or with hypothyroidism) can also contribute to these symptoms.
When to Seek Medical Guidance
While often temporary, a burning and running nose warrants medical evaluation in certain situations. Consult a doctor if symptoms persist for over 7 to 10 days without improvement. Seek medical guidance if symptoms worsen after initial improvement, or if new, concerning symptoms develop.
Severe symptoms requiring immediate attention include high fever, intense facial pain or swelling around the eyes, vision changes, or persistent thick green or yellow nasal discharge. Individuals with compromised immune systems or chronic respiratory conditions should promptly consult a healthcare provider if they experience these nasal symptoms. If symptoms significantly interfere with daily life (e.g., disrupting sleep or work), medical advice can help determine the cause and management.