Gum tissue growing between teeth, known as gingival overgrowth or hyperplasia, is a common dental issue that can affect oral health and appearance.
Understanding Gum Overgrowth
Gingival overgrowth is the excessive growth of gum tissue, appearing as swollen, enlarged gums that might partially cover teeth or protrude between them. This can make teeth appear smaller. Gums may also be puffy, red, tender, or bleed easily during brushing or flossing. The overgrowth results from an increased volume of gum tissue.
Common Causes of Gum Overgrowth
Gum overgrowth can stem from various factors, including oral hygiene issues, specific medications, and systemic health conditions. A frequent cause is inflammation from poor oral hygiene. When dental plaque, a film of bacteria and food debris, accumulates, it irritates gums, leading to gingivitis. This inflammation can cause gums to swell, become red, and bleed easily, sometimes resulting in noticeable overgrowth.
Certain medications are known to cause gingival overgrowth as a side effect. These include anticonvulsants like phenytoin, immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine, and calcium channel blockers like nifedipine and amlodipine. Phenytoin, for example, can alter the metabolism of gingival fibroblasts, leading to increased collagen production and tissue enlargement. This overgrowth typically presents as firm, pale pink tissue, distinct from the tender, red appearance of inflammation-induced overgrowth.
Beyond inflammation and medication, various systemic conditions can also contribute to gum overgrowth. Hormonal changes during puberty or pregnancy can increase gum sensitivity to plaque and inflammation, leading to swelling. Diseases like leukemia can cause gum enlargement due to abnormal cell infiltration. Rarer causes include genetic predispositions, such as hereditary gingival fibromatosis, where individuals are naturally prone to developing excessive gum tissue.
Managing Gum Overgrowth
Managing gum overgrowth often begins with diligent home care, especially if inflammation is a contributing factor. Maintaining meticulous oral hygiene, including regular and thorough brushing and flossing, is important for reducing plaque buildup and inflammation. This can help resolve mild cases of overgrowth and reduce severity in more complex situations.
Professional dental treatments are frequently necessary to address gum overgrowth effectively. Dental cleanings, such as scaling and root planing, remove plaque and tartar, which can significantly reduce inflammation and gum swelling. For more severe or persistent overgrowth, a gingivectomy, which removes excess gum tissue, may be recommended. If medication is the cause, discuss alternative medications or dosage adjustments with your prescribing doctor under medical guidance.
When to Seek Professional Help
Seek professional dental evaluation if you notice your gums growing between your teeth or exhibiting any unusual changes. A dentist can accurately diagnose the underlying cause through a comprehensive dental examination and medical history review. Self-diagnosis is not sufficient, as various factors require specific management approaches.
Untreated gum overgrowth can lead to complications that compromise oral health. It can make proper cleaning difficult, increasing the risk of plaque accumulation, cavities, and severe gum disease like periodontitis. Extensive gum overgrowth can also affect chewing, speech, and dental aesthetics. Consulting a dental professional ensures appropriate treatment, helping to prevent further issues and maintain long-term oral well-being.