The perennial groundcover known widely as “Monkey Grass” is a staple in landscaping across the southeastern United States, celebrated for its durability and adaptability. It thrives where traditional lawn grasses fail, particularly in shaded areas. The informal name is confusing because the plant is not a true grass, and the reason for the “monkey” reference is an often-debated mystery. The name is applied loosely to two related genera, Liriope and Ophiopogon, leading to frequent misidentification.
Identification and Scientific Classification
The term “Monkey Grass” most often refers to plants belonging to the genera Liriope and Ophiopogon. Both are part of the Asparagaceae family, making them relatives of asparagus and hostas, not true grasses. Liriope, commonly called lilyturf, is the larger of the two, with strap-like leaves 12 to 18 inches high and typically one-half inch across. Liriope muscari produces showy flower spikes in late summer, followed by small, black, single-seeded berries. Ophiopogon, known as mondo grass, is generally shorter and finer, with leaves rarely more than a quarter-inch wide. The small, pale flowers of Ophiopogon japonicus are often hidden, and they produce blue berries, which distinguishes it from Liriope.
Origin of the Common Name
The specific reason this plant earned the moniker “Monkey Grass” is not recorded in botanical history, leaving its origin to various theories and regional speculation. One accepted possibility relates to applying the word “monkey” to plants that are tough, persistent, or difficult to handle. Given the plant’s extreme resilience, tolerance for neglect, and resistance to many pests, the name may simply be a descriptive nod to its tenacity. Another theory suggests the name is a corruption or transfer from an entirely different plant. Historical records indicate “Monkey Grass” was once used for piassava, a coarse, fibrous material derived from a South American palm, which was perhaps visually confused with the Asian groundcover upon its introduction to the West. Because the plants are not native to areas where monkeys are common, the name does not relate to the feeding habits or any direct association with primates.
Growth Characteristics and Management
Understanding the growth habit is important for managing Monkey Grass, as the two primary types have significantly different spreading patterns. Liriope muscari cultivars are generally clumping varieties, forming neat, dense mounds by producing new shoots from the crown. In contrast, Liriope spicata, often called creeping lilyturf, is known for its aggressive spreading habit. It utilizes thin, underground stems called rhizomes to colonize large areas rapidly, making it particularly challenging to contain. Both Liriope and Ophiopogon are prized for their adaptability, performing well in a wide range of light conditions, from full sun to deep shade. They are a popular choice for planting under large trees where little else will grow due to deep shade and root competition. Maintenance is minimal, though the foliage benefits from a “haircut” in late winter or early spring. Cutting the old, tattered leaves back to a few inches above the ground rejuvenates the plant, allowing fresh blades to emerge cleanly.