Catnip, scientifically known as Nepeta cataria, is a well-recognized herb belonging to the mint family. This plant is widely known for its distinctive effects, particularly on domestic cats. Native to southern and eastern Europe, as well as parts of the Middle East and Central Asia, Nepeta cataria has since naturalized across North America and other regions. Its unique properties prompt questions about the origins of its common name.
The Feline Connection
The “cat” in catnip directly refers to the plant’s remarkable influence on felines. This effect stems from nepetalactone, a unique chemical compound concentrated in the plant’s leaves, stems, and pods. Nepetalactone releases when the plant is bruised, crushed, or chewed. When cats inhale this compound, it binds to receptors in their nasal tissue, stimulating brain areas associated with emotion and behavior. The vomeronasal gland, an extra scent organ in the roof of a cat’s mouth, facilitates this interaction by carrying the scent to the brain.
Behavioral responses to nepetalactone vary, but commonly include rolling, rubbing their heads and bodies against the plant, pawing, purring, and increased playfulness. Some cats may also exhibit hyperactivity, vocalization, or drooling. Interestingly, if ingested, catnip often has the opposite effect, leading to relaxation and sedation.
Sensitivity to catnip is a hereditary trait, with approximately 50% to 75% of domestic cats exhibiting a reaction. This response is not limited to house cats; larger felines such as leopards, cougars, and lynxes can also react strongly. Effects typically last 10 to 15 minutes, after which a cat becomes temporarily immune for a few hours. This behavioral link between the plant and cats is the primary reason for the “cat” designation.
Unpacking the “Nip”
The “nip” component of catnip has an etymological background. This part of the name likely derives from Middle English terms like “nep” or “nepte.” These terms trace back further to the Old English “nepte” and ultimately to the Latin word “nepeta,” which also named this aromatic herb.
Beyond directly referencing the plant, the word “nip” also connects to Germanic words conveying the idea of pinching or sharp biting. This meaning relates to how animals might interact with the plant, perhaps by nibbling or “nipping” its leaves to release active compounds. Historically, “nip” could also broadly refer to a small piece of something, particularly an herb. Therefore, the “nip” in catnip likely serves as an ancient descriptor, either alluding to animal consumption or signifying its identity as a specific herb within historical English vocabulary.