A biohazard is any biological substance posing a threat to health. Blood is classified as a biohazard due to its potential to carry infectious agents. Treating blood as such is standard practice to prevent illness.
The Invisible Dangers in Blood
Blood, while essential for life, can harbor various microscopic infectious agents, known as pathogens. These include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Even if blood appears normal, it can contain these dangers, which can cause illness if transmitted.
The presence of these pathogens makes blood a source of disease transmission. Some viruses can survive in dried blood for several days, remaining infectious. This underscores why all blood should be handled with caution, regardless of its visible state or presumed origin.
How Pathogens Spread
Bloodborne pathogens spread through specific contact routes. Direct contact with open wounds, cuts, or abrasions on the skin provides an entry point. Contact with mucous membranes, such as those in the eyes, nose, or mouth, can also lead to transmission.
Accidental punctures from sharp objects contaminated with blood, like needles or broken glass, are a significant transmission pathway. Indirect contact also poses a risk if contaminated surfaces are touched, and pathogens are then transferred to a susceptible entry point.
Major Bloodborne Diseases
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are significant bloodborne pathogens that can lead to liver damage, including chronic infection. HBV can survive on environmental surfaces for up to a week and is highly infectious.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), is another prominent bloodborne pathogen. HIV targets the immune system, making the body susceptible to other infections. Other microorganisms like malaria and syphilis can also be bloodborne.
Safe Handling and Prevention
Managing blood safely involves adhering to universal precautions, which dictate treating all human blood and certain body fluids as potentially infectious. This approach minimizes exposure risk. Using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is a primary measure, including disposable gloves, eye protection, and gowns.
Proper cleaning and disinfection of surfaces contaminated with blood are also important. Visible blood should first be wiped away with absorbent material, followed by the application of an appropriate disinfectant, such as a freshly prepared bleach solution. Safe disposal methods for blood-contaminated materials are mandated by regulations like the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030). This includes using puncture-resistant sharps containers for needles and biohazard bags for other contaminated waste. In the event of exposure, immediate first aid, such as washing the affected area with soap and water, and seeking medical evaluation are necessary steps.