The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the lower jaw to the skull, functioning as a hinge with sliding movements to facilitate actions like chewing, speaking, and yawning. When issues arise with this joint, a temporomandibular disorder (TMD) can develop, causing pain. TMJ pain often fluctuates, appearing intermittently rather than constantly.
Why TMJ Pain Fluctuates
TMJ pain frequently comes and goes because it is influenced by various factors affecting the jaw joint, muscles, and nerves. The temporomandibular joint combines a hinge action with sliding motions, and its components, including an articular disc, allow for complex movements. Pain can arise if this disc erodes or moves out of alignment, or if the associated ligaments and soft tissues experience strain.
The body’s natural processes of inflammation and healing also contribute to the fluctuating nature of TMJ pain. Increased strain or stress can trigger inflammation and muscle tension, leading to a flare-up of symptoms. Conversely, when these factors lessen, pain may subside or disappear. This ebb and flow is typical as the jaw is constantly in use, and its function is highly responsive to both internal and external influences.
Common Triggers and Contributing Factors
Various factors can provoke or worsen TMJ pain, leading to flare-ups. Stress often causes increased muscle tension in the jaw, neck, and shoulders, leading to habits like teeth grinding (bruxism) or clenching. These habits put excessive strain on the TMJ and surrounding muscles, contributing to inflammation and discomfort. Poor posture, particularly a hunched or slouching position, can also misalign the jaw and create tension that refers pain to the TMJ.
Chewing habits, such as consuming hard, chewy, or large foods, or excessive gum chewing, can overwork jaw muscles and strain the joint. Jaw injuries, such as a direct blow or whiplash, can damage the joint and lead to pain and functional issues. Underlying medical conditions like arthritis (osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis) or fibromyalgia can also affect the TMJ, contributing to inflammation and pain.
Self-Care Approaches for Relief
Managing TMJ pain often involves at-home strategies to alleviate discomfort and reduce flare-up frequency. Applying hot or cold packs can ease pain and reduce inflammation; cold packs help with sharp pain, while moist heat relaxes muscles and improves circulation for dull aches. Resting the jaw is important, achieved by temporarily eating soft foods like soups or mashed potatoes and avoiding hard, sticky, or chewy items.
Avoiding extreme jaw movements, such as wide yawning or shouting, can prevent further strain on the joint. Gentle jaw exercises, as recommended by a healthcare professional, can help improve jaw mobility and relax tense muscles. Stress reduction techniques like mindfulness or meditation are beneficial, as stress contributes to jaw clenching and muscle tension. For temporary pain relief, over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen can be used according to package directions.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
While many instances of TMJ pain are temporary and respond to self-care, professional medical attention is sometimes warranted. Seek medical advice if the pain is severe, persistent, or significantly interferes with daily activities like eating or speaking. Jaw locking, where the mouth cannot fully open or close, is another sign that requires professional evaluation.
Clicking or popping sounds in the jaw accompanied by pain or limited movement also suggest professional assessment. If self-care measures do not provide relief after a few days, or if symptoms worsen, it is advisable to consult a doctor or dentist. A healthcare professional can diagnose the specific cause of the TMJ disorder and recommend further treatment options, which may include physical therapy, custom oral splints, or specific medications.