Heartburn is the uncomfortable, burning sensation in the chest that occurs when stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus because the muscular valve separating the stomach and the esophagus is temporarily weakened or opened inappropriately. While many factors can trigger this reaction, distilled spirits like tequila are often a common culprit due to a combination of physiological and chemical reasons.
The General Effect of Ethanol on Reflux
The primary component of tequila, ethanol, affects the digestive system in two significant ways that promote reflux. First, ethanol acts as a relaxant on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle at the base of the esophagus. When this muscle relaxes, it fails to create a tight seal, allowing acidic stomach contents to splash back up into the esophagus. This relaxation effect is dose-dependent, meaning that higher concentrations of alcohol, such as those found in spirits, have a more pronounced impact.
In addition to relaxing the LES, ethanol directly stimulates the stomach lining (mucosa), leading to an increased production of hydrochloric acid. The combination of a relaxed LES and a surge in gastric acid creates an environment where reflux is highly likely. Furthermore, the concentrated ethanol in tequila slows down the stomach’s emptying process, keeping the acidic mixture in place longer.
Unique Properties of Tequila That Increase Acidity
Beyond the general effects of ethanol, tequila contains specific compounds that can exacerbate heartburn symptoms. During fermentation and aging, various byproducts called congeners are created, including substances like methanol and fusel oils, which irritate the stomach lining more than purer spirits. The concentration of these congeners varies by quality and age; aged tequilas (Reposado and Añejo) tend to have a higher content than unaged Blanco or Silver tequilas. Furthermore, tequila itself is mildly acidic, typically having a pH between 3.6 and 5.3, which contributes to the overall acid load in the stomach.
Contextual Factors in Consumption
Heartburn from tequila is often less about the spirit itself and more about the surrounding consumption habits. The choice of mixer significantly contributes to the overall acidity of the drink. Many popular cocktails, like the Margarita, are made with highly acidic ingredients such as lime or citrus juices, which drastically lower the drink’s pH.
The use of carbonated sodas or sparkling water as mixers also poses a problem, as the gas creates pressure within the stomach that forces contents upward toward the weakened LES. Drinking habits, such as consuming shots quickly or drinking on an empty stomach, accelerate the process. A lack of food allows the alcohol to irritate the gastric mucosa immediately, leading to a rapid spike in acid production.
Practical Steps to Reduce Heartburn
To mitigate the burning sensation, focus on adjusting the quality of the spirit and your drinking habits. Choosing a 100% agave Blanco or Silver tequila is advisable, as the unaged nature means a lower concentration of irritating congeners compared to aged varieties. Select non-acidic and non-carbonated mixers, such as plain water or herbal tea, to avoid adding irritating compounds or pressure to the stomach. Consuming food beforehand is important, as a meal acts as a buffer that slows alcohol absorption and protects the stomach lining. Finally, avoid drinking within three hours of lying down, as remaining upright allows gravity to help keep stomach acid where it belongs.