Tooth sensitivity, particularly a sharp, temporary pain when drinking cold water, is a common and widespread dental issue. This discomfort, known as dentin hypersensitivity, arises when the inner layer of the tooth, called dentin, becomes exposed. While often a minor annoyance, it can impact daily life and indicates an underlying dental condition that may require attention.
Why Your Teeth Hurt
The structure of a tooth involves several layers: the hard outer enamel protecting the crown, and the softer cementum covering the root. Beneath these protective layers lies the dentin, a porous material with thousands of microscopic channels called dentinal tubules. These tubules extend from the dentin surface directly to the pulp, the innermost part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels.
When enamel or cementum is compromised, exposing the dentin, external stimuli like cold water cause fluid within these tubules to move rapidly. This movement stimulates pulp nerves, leading to the characteristic sharp pain. Common causes include enamel erosion from acidic foods, aggressive brushing, or teeth grinding. Gum recession, where gum tissue pulls away, also exposes the root surface, which lacks enamel and is covered by softer cementum. Cavities, cracked teeth, or worn fillings can also create pathways to the sensitive dentin.
When to See a Dentist
While occasional tooth sensitivity can be transient, certain indicators suggest a professional dental evaluation is needed. If pain is persistent, sharp, and does not subside quickly, or is associated with chewing, see a dentist. Visible signs of decay, such as discoloration or holes, or apparent damage like a cracked or chipped tooth, also warrant professional care.
Swelling around a tooth or in the gums, along with sensitivity, can indicate a serious underlying problem like an infection. If home remedies or over-the-counter products do not alleviate sensitivity after a few weeks, a dentist can diagnose the cause and recommend treatment. Addressing the issue early can prevent more significant oral health problems.
What You Can Do at Home
Managing tooth sensitivity at home involves consistent, gentle oral hygiene. Using a desensitizing toothpaste with ingredients like potassium nitrate or stannous fluoride can block pain signals. These toothpastes soothe nerves or block microscopic tubules in the dentin. Use them regularly for several weeks for significant improvement.
Practicing gentle brushing with a soft-bristled toothbrush prevents further enamel wear and gum recession. Avoiding highly acidic foods and drinks, such as citrus fruits, sodas, and wine, helps preserve tooth enamel, as these substances soften enamel, making it more susceptible to wear. Maintaining good oral hygiene, including regular brushing and flossing, removes plaque buildup that contributes to sensitivity and gum issues.
Dental Solutions for Sensitivity
When home care is insufficient, a dentist can offer professional treatments. Fluoride varnishes or gels applied to sensitive areas strengthen enamel and reduce pain. These topical applications form a protective layer and deposit minerals into the enamel, making it more resistant to stimuli.
For exposed root surfaces from gum recession, dental bonding (applying tooth-colored resin) can cover these areas, providing a protective barrier. In severe gum recession, a gum graft may be recommended, where tissue from another part of the mouth covers the exposed root. If sensitivity is due to cavities, cracked teeth, or worn fillings, the dentist can address these with restorative procedures like fillings, crowns, or root canal treatment.