Shoulder and collarbone pain is a common issue, ranging from a mild ache to severe discomfort. Causes can range from sudden physical trauma to conditions developing gradually over time.
Acute Injuries
Acute shoulder and collarbone pain often results from a sudden event like a fall or direct impact. Clavicle (collarbone) fractures are common, often from falls onto the shoulder or outstretched arm. They typically cause immediate, severe pain, swelling, and a visible deformity.
Shoulder dislocations occur when the humerus separates from the scapula’s glenoid. Often caused by trauma, like falls or sports injuries forcing the arm into an extreme position, they result in intense pain, impossible movement, and a visibly out-of-place appearance.
The acromioclavicular (AC) joint, where the collarbone meets the shoulder blade, can also suffer acute injury. An AC joint separation typically results from a direct fall onto the shoulder. This impact can stretch or tear connecting ligaments, leading to pain and sometimes a bump.
Muscle strains and ligament sprains are common acute injuries. These occur when muscles or ligaments are overstretched or torn, often during sudden, forceful movements or lifting heavy objects. Symptoms include immediate pain, tenderness, and sometimes bruising or swelling, worsening with movement.
Chronic Conditions
Chronic shoulder and collarbone pain often develops from repeated stress, overuse, or gradual wear and tear. The rotator cuff, a group of muscles and tendons stabilizing the shoulder, is a common source of issues. Tendinitis, an inflammation of these tendons, frequently results from repetitive overhead activities. Tears, partial or full, can also develop from chronic degeneration or acute injury, causing persistent pain and weakness.
Bursitis is another chronic condition, characterized by inflammation of the bursae, small fluid-filled sacs that cushion bones, tendons, and muscles around joints. In the shoulder, inflamed bursae lead to pain, especially during movement or when pressing on the affected area. This often arises from repetitive motions or prolonged pressure.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease where cartilage cushioning bone ends gradually breaks down. When affecting the shoulder or AC joint, this leads to chronic pain, stiffness, and a reduced range of motion. Discomfort often worsens with activity and improves with rest.
Impingement syndrome occurs when shoulder tendons or bursae become compressed or “pinched” during arm movements. This can happen due to inflammation, bone spurs, or repetitive overhead activities. Pain is typically felt in the outer shoulder or upper arm, intensifying with overhead reaching.
Referred Pain and Contributing Factors
Pain in the shoulder and collarbone area does not always originate directly from these structures. Referred pain occurs when discomfort is perceived in a location different from the actual source. For instance, cervical spine (neck) issues, such as pinched nerves or degenerative changes, can manifest as pain radiating into the shoulder or down the arm, sometimes accompanied by tingling or numbness.
Certain serious underlying conditions can cause referred pain to the shoulder or collarbone. For example, heart conditions like angina or a heart attack can cause pain radiating into the left shoulder, arm, or jaw. This requires immediate medical attention.
Beyond direct medical conditions, various lifestyle factors contribute to chronic shoulder and collarbone discomfort. Poor posture, especially when maintained for extended periods, can strain shoulder muscles and ligaments. This constant stress can lead to muscle imbalances and chronic pain. Sitting hunched over a computer or phone are common examples.
Overuse and repetitive motions contribute to shoulder and collarbone pain. Activities or sports involving repeated arm movements, such as throwing, swimming, or certain occupational tasks, can lead to microtrauma and inflammation. These stresses can accumulate, resulting in chronic aches and pains that worsen with continued activity.
When to Seek Medical Evaluation
Certain “red flag” symptoms warrant immediate medical attention for shoulder and collarbone pain. These include sudden, severe pain; inability to move the arm; a visible deformity of the shoulder or collarbone; or significant weakness. Numbness or tingling in the arm or hand also suggests potential nerve involvement.
Pain accompanied by symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, or sweating could indicate a serious underlying condition, such as a heart issue. Emergency medical care is necessary.
If shoulder or collarbone pain persists despite rest and over-the-counter pain relievers, or progressively worsens, a medical consultation is advisable. Pain not improving within a few days to a week warrants professional assessment.
If pain significantly interferes with daily activities, such as sleeping, working, or performing routine tasks, seek medical help. When pain impacts quality of life, a healthcare provider can help determine the cause and recommend treatment strategies.