A partial denture replaces missing teeth, relying on remaining natural teeth and gums for support. While these appliances restore function and appearance, pain or discomfort is a common concern. Several factors can contribute to this, from issues with the denture itself to underlying oral health conditions.
Issues Related to Denture Fit
A significant cause of discomfort for partial denture wearers stems from an improper fit. Over time, the contours of the mouth naturally change, primarily due to bone resorption, the gradual loss of jawbone density after teeth are removed. This can cause the denture to become loose, leading to movement within the mouth.
Movement results in friction against the gum tissue, leading to sore spots, irritation, or blisters. Uneven pressure distribution from an ill-fitting denture can also create localized areas of soreness. When a partial denture no longer fits snugly, it can impact daily activities, making chewing difficult and potentially affecting speech clarity.
Gum tissue can also recede or shrink, altering the denture’s fit and reducing support, making it prone to shifting and discomfort. Regular dental check-ups are important to address these changes, as adjustments or relining may be necessary to maintain a comfortable and stable fit.
Underlying Oral Health Concerns
The health of the surrounding oral tissues and remaining natural teeth can also contribute to partial denture pain. Inflammation and irritation of the oral mucosa beneath the denture, a condition known as denture stomatitis, is a common issue often linked to fungal overgrowth, particularly Candida species. Poor denture hygiene and ill-fitting dentures can contribute to this condition, which can cause redness, soreness, or a burning sensation.
Food particles can become trapped underneath the partial denture, leading to discomfort, irritation, and potential infection. Small, fibrous, or sticky foods are particularly prone to getting lodged, which can lead to bacterial accumulation and inflammation of the gums. Maintaining diligent oral and denture hygiene is important to prevent such issues.
Natural teeth that support the partial denture, known as abutment teeth, can also experience problems. The presence of a partial denture can increase plaque accumulation around these teeth, raising the risk of gum inflammation, periodontal disease, and tooth decay. The mechanical stress exerted by the denture on these supporting teeth can also lead to sensitivity or shifting over time.
Denture Material or Damage
Less common, but still important, causes of partial denture pain relate to the denture’s material or physical integrity. While rare, some individuals can experience an allergic reaction to denture materials like acrylic resin, cobalt, or nickel. Symptoms of such an allergy can include redness, itching, burning sensations in the mouth, swelling, or the formation of blisters and ulcers.
Allergies to denture adhesives or cleansers are also possible. Physical damage to the denture itself can also result in significant pain. A crack in the denture base, a broken clasp, or a rough edge can rub against the sensitive oral tissues, causing irritation, cuts, or sores on the gums, tongue, or cheeks. Attempting to repair a damaged denture at home is not advisable, as this can worsen the problem and further compromise the fit and function of the appliance.
New Denture Adjustment Period
A certain amount of discomfort or soreness is to be expected during the initial period of wearing a new partial denture. This is a temporary phase as the mouth adapts to the presence of the new appliance. The gums, tongue, and jaw muscles need time to adjust to the new pressures and sensations.
This adjustment period typically lasts from a few days to several weeks. During this time, minor irritation or soreness is normal as the oral tissues become accustomed to the denture. However, if the pain is severe, persistent beyond this initial adaptation phase, or accompanied by significant sores, it indicates a problem that warrants professional evaluation by a dentist.