Nipple discoloration, particularly a purple hue, is a common concern during pumping. This change in color can be unsettling, but it often points to how the breast pump interacts with delicate nipple tissue. Understanding the causes and solutions can help alleviate discomfort and improve the pumping experience.
Understanding Nipple Discoloration
Nipple discoloration during pumping stems from changes in blood flow to the nipple and areola. When blood flow is restricted, the nipple may appear white or blanched due to a lack of oxygenated blood. As blood flow returns, it can take on a reddish or purple hue.
A white or blanched appearance indicates reduced blood supply, while a bluish or purple tint suggests blood is returning after restriction or bruising. Nipples can also appear bright pink or red, indicating irritation or inflammation. These color changes are direct responses of the small blood vessels to the pump’s suction and pressure.
Common Causes of Nipple Discoloration During Pumping
Improper breast pump flange size or fit is a frequent reason for nipple discoloration. A flange that is too small causes excessive friction and pressure on the nipple, leading to bruising or cracking at the base. Conversely, a flange that is too large can pull too much of the areola into the tunnel, causing discomfort and restricting blood flow. Both scenarios result in pain and discoloration.
Excessive pump suction can also contribute to discoloration. High or prolonged suction constricts blood vessels, reducing blood flow and causing the nipple to turn white, blue, or dark red. This pressure can lead to nipple trauma, such as blistering or cracking. Some individuals may experience a “lipstick nipple” appearance, where the nipple is compressed and misshapen, indicating improper suction or fit.
Vasospasm, a condition where nipple blood vessels suddenly constrict, is another common cause. This reduces blood flow, often causing the nipple to turn white, then blue or purple as blood flow returns. This phenomenon can be intensely painful, described as burning, stabbing, or shooting pain lasting seconds to hours. Vasospasm is sometimes associated with Raynaud’s phenomenon, which causes blood vessels in extremities to constrict in response to cold or stress.
Nipple trauma, such as cracking or blistering, can also lead to discoloration. This damage can result from an ill-fitting flange, high suction, or a poor latch. When tissue is traumatized, blood vessels can burst, causing bruising that appears dark blue or purple.
Infections, like thrush (Candida albicans), can cause nipple pain, itching, burning, a bright pink or red appearance, or white patches. Bacterial infections, often from damaged skin, can cause redness, swelling, and pus-like discharge.
Solutions and Prevention Strategies
Addressing nipple discoloration often starts with ensuring proper flange size. Measure your nipple diameter regularly, as size can change. The correct flange size allows the nipple to move freely without excessive rubbing or pulling of the areola. A lactation consultant can provide personalized guidance on flange fit, which is important for comfort and efficient milk removal.
Adjusting pump suction settings is another important step. Pumping should not be painful. If you experience pain or discoloration, reduce the suction level. Start with lower suction and gradually increase it to a comfortable level to prevent trauma. Pump for no more than 15 to 20 minutes at a time; shorter, more frequent durations can be more effective and gentler.
Applying warmth to the breasts and nipples is beneficial, especially for vasospasm. Keeping nipples warm before, during, and after pumping helps maintain consistent blood flow and alleviates vessel constriction. Use warm compresses, a heating pad, or your hands after pumping. Avoiding cold air exposure, like air-drying nipples, can also prevent vasospasm.
Gentle massage of the nipples and breasts can promote blood flow and comfort. Massaging warmed olive oil or nipple cream into the nipple can soothe and moisturize the skin. For vasospasm, vigorously massage above the breasts and below the collarbone for about 60 seconds after pumping or when pain begins. Proper nipple care, including keeping nipples dry and clean and changing breast pads frequently, helps prevent infections like thrush. Ensure nipple creams do not cause irritation.
When to Seek Medical Advice
While many instances of nipple discoloration can be managed at home, certain symptoms warrant professional medical attention. Consult a healthcare provider or lactation consultant if you experience persistent nipple pain that does not improve with pumping adjustments or home remedies. Severe, burning, or shooting pain, especially if it continues after pumping, could indicate an underlying issue.
Signs of infection, such as fever, flu-like symptoms, or a hot, reddened breast area, require immediate medical evaluation. Nipple infections can also present as unhealing cracks, yellow discharge, pus, crustiness, or swelling. If you notice white patches in your baby’s mouth or a persistent diaper rash, it could indicate thrush, requiring treatment for both you and your baby. A tender breast lump that does not decrease after pumping, or pus draining from the nipple, necessitates prompt medical consultation.