A foul or “rotten” vaginal discharge can be concerning, but often points to treatable conditions. While a healthy vagina has a mild odor, a strong, unpleasant change warrants attention. Understanding causes helps in seeking appropriate care.
Common Causes of Foul-Smelling Vaginal Discharge
A foul or “rotten” vaginal discharge often indicates an imbalance or infection. This distinct odor is frequently described as fishy, especially after intercourse, or like decaying matter.
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) frequently causes a strong, fishy vaginal odor. This results from an overgrowth of certain vaginal bacteria, disrupting its normal balance. BV can also cause a thin, grayish-white discharge, typically without significant itching or burning. Trimethylamine is primarily responsible for the fishy odor.
Trichomoniasis, or “trich,” is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. It can produce a frothy, greenish-yellow discharge with a strong, fishy odor. While some individuals experience itching, soreness, or pain during urination or sex, many have no noticeable symptoms. The parasite spreads through genital contact, including vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
A severe, putrid smell, often described as rotten meat or a decaying organism, results from a retained foreign object in the vagina. This occurs if a tampon, condom, or other object is forgotten and left inside the vaginal canal. Such an object creates an environment conducive to bacterial overgrowth, leading to a highly offensive odor.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Any new, persistent, or worsening foul-smelling vaginal discharge warrants consultation with a healthcare professional. While temporary odor changes occur due to hormonal shifts or diet, a strong, unresolved smell may indicate an an underlying condition. Self-diagnosis and self-treatment are not recommended, as symptoms can overlap.
Seek medical attention if the foul-smelling discharge is accompanied by other symptoms. These signs include vaginal itching, burning, redness, or irritation. Pain during urination or sexual intercourse, lower abdominal pain, or a fever indicate a need for professional advice. Contact a healthcare provider if the discharge changes significantly in color, consistency, or amount, alongside the strong odor.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
When experiencing foul-smelling vaginal discharge, a healthcare provider discusses symptoms and medical history, including sexual health. A physical examination, often including a pelvic exam, assesses vaginal and cervical health. To determine the exact cause, the provider may take a vaginal swab for laboratory analysis.
Laboratory tests on the vaginal swab include microscopy to examine cells and bacteria, pH testing for vaginal acidity, and cultures to identify specific infections. For example, high levels of Gardnerella vaginalis are associated with the fishy smell of bacterial vaginosis, and vaginal pH is often elevated. For trichomoniasis, Trichomonas vaginalis can be identified from a fluid sample.
Treatment approaches are specific to the diagnosed cause. Bacterial vaginosis is typically treated with antibiotics, prescribed as oral tablets or vaginal gels/creams; complete the full course to prevent recurrence. Trichomoniasis is also treated with antibiotics, usually metronidazole or tinidazole, often as a single dose or short course. All sexual partners should be treated to prevent re-infection. If a foreign object is the cause, its removal is the primary treatment.
Maintaining Vaginal Health
Maintaining good vaginal health involves practices that support the natural balance of the vaginal environment and prevent unusual discharge and odors. Proper hygiene includes gently washing the external genital area with mild, unscented soap and warm water. Avoid harsh soaps, perfumed products, and douching, as these disrupt the vagina’s natural pH balance and lead to irritation or infections. Wiping from front to back after using the toilet also prevents bacteria from the anal area from entering the vagina.
Choosing breathable underwear, such as cotton, allows for better air circulation and helps keep the vaginal area dry, deterring bacterial overgrowth. Avoiding tight-fitting clothing for prolonged periods contributes to a healthier environment. Regularly changing tampons or pads during menstruation is important, as prolonged use can lead to odor or infection.
Practicing safe sex, including consistent condom use, protects against sexually transmitted infections that may cause unusual discharge and odors. Condoms also help maintain the vagina’s slightly acidic pH by preventing contact with alkaline semen. Staying hydrated and maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and probiotics supports overall body health, including vaginal well-being. Limiting antibiotic use to only when prescribed is beneficial, as antibiotics disrupt the natural vaginal flora.