Many people experience headaches when traveling to higher elevations. Understanding the reasons behind these headaches and how to manage them can enhance safety and enjoyment in high-altitude environments.
How High Altitude Causes Headaches
At high altitudes, atmospheric pressure decreases, leading to a lower partial pressure of oxygen. This reduction in available oxygen, known as hypoxia, prompts the body to increase blood flow to the brain.
The widening of these blood vessels contributes to increased pressure inside the skull, which can manifest as a headache. This change in intracranial pressure is a leading theory for altitude-induced headaches. Headaches often begin around 8,500 feet (2,600 meters) above sea level and are a notable symptom of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS).
Other Common Symptoms of Altitude Sickness
Altitude headaches are often accompanied by other symptoms as the body adjusts to higher elevations. These co-occurring symptoms are part of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). Individuals might experience fatigue or weakness.
Dizziness, nausea (sometimes with vomiting), and loss of appetite can also develop. Sleep patterns are often disrupted, with difficulty falling asleep or frequent awakenings. These symptoms typically present together.
Preventing Altitude Headaches
Preventing altitude headaches involves allowing the body time to adapt to thinner air. A gradual ascent is recommended; for example, avoid climbs of more than 1,000 to 1,600 feet (300 to 487 meters) per day once above 8,500 feet (2,600 meters). Spending a few days at an intermediate altitude, such as 10,000 feet (3,000 meters), before proceeding higher can aid acclimatization.
Maintaining proper hydration is important, as dehydration can worsen altitude symptoms. Drink plenty of water and avoid alcohol and caffeinated beverages, which contribute to fluid loss. Reducing physical exertion upon arrival allows the body to conserve energy and focus on acclimatization. For some, prophylactic medications like Acetazolamide (Diamox) may prevent altitude sickness; consult a healthcare professional before use.
Recognizing Serious Symptoms
While most altitude headaches indicate mild Acute Mountain Sickness, recognize when symptoms escalate into more severe conditions. A worsening headache, especially with significant changes in behavior or coordination, can signal High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE). This severe condition involves brain swelling.
Warning signs for HACE include severe confusion, loss of coordination (ataxia), hallucinations, and inability to walk in a straight line. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE), another severe condition, is characterized by escalating respiratory symptoms like severe shortness of breath at rest and a persistent cough that may produce pink, frothy sputum.
Should any of these serious symptoms develop, immediate descent to a lower altitude and urgent medical attention are necessary.