Dizziness is a common symptom reported by individuals infected with COVID-19. Up to one in five people experience COVID-related dizziness when they are sick. This symptom can manifest early in the infection, sometimes even before typical respiratory issues like cough or shortness of breath appear.
How COVID Directly Causes Dizziness
One significant mechanism involves systemic inflammation and the release of signaling proteins called cytokines. The virus triggers a strong immune response, leading to an increase in inflammatory cytokines throughout the body. These cytokines can cross the blood-brain barrier, directly influencing brain function and potentially causing neurological symptoms, including dizziness.
Beyond affecting the brain, the virus can also impact the inner ear, which is crucial for balance. Research indicates that SARS-CoV-2 can infect cells within the inner ear, including hair cells and Schwann cells, which are essential for both hearing and balance. This direct infection or the resulting inflammation in the inner ear’s vestibular system can disrupt the signals sent to the brain, leading to feelings of spinning (vertigo) or unsteadiness.
Other Factors Contributing to Dizziness
Dehydration is a frequent contributor, often resulting from fever, reduced fluid intake, or gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting. When the body loses too much fluid, blood volume can decrease, leading to lightheadedness. Taking fever-reducing medications can help alleviate both fever and associated dizziness.
Another factor is orthostatic hypotension, which is a sudden drop in blood pressure when moving from a lying or sitting position to standing. Prolonged bed rest during illness and dehydration can both contribute to this effect. The general fatigue and weakness that accompany a COVID-19 infection can also make individuals feel lightheaded and unsteady. Additionally, in more severe cases, reduced oxygen levels, known as hypoxia, can lead to dizziness as the brain does not receive adequate oxygen.
Dizziness That Lingers
For some individuals, dizziness can persist long after the acute phase of COVID-19 has passed, becoming part of what is commonly known as “long COVID” or post-acute COVID conditions. This prolonged dizziness can last for weeks to months. It often arises from ongoing inflammation within the nervous system, termed neuroinflammation, which can affect brain function.
Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, known as dysautonomia, is another potential reason for lingering dizziness. A common manifestation is Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), where the heart rate significantly increases upon standing, causing lightheadedness and dizziness. This condition can emerge even after mild COVID-19 infections. While persistent dizziness can be challenging, for many, symptoms gradually improve over time with proper management and sometimes targeted treatments.
When to Consult a Doctor
While dizziness from COVID-19 often resolves as the illness improves, certain signs indicate a need for medical attention. You should seek medical care right away if you experience severe dizziness that prevents safe movement. Immediate medical evaluation is also important if dizziness occurs alongside other concerning symptoms.
These warning signs include chest pain, severe shortness of breath, new confusion, difficulty waking or staying awake, or difficulty speaking or walking. If your dizziness is persistent, severe, or significantly impacts your daily life, consulting a healthcare provider is advisable.