Epistaxis, commonly known as a nosebleed, occurs when the delicate blood vessels lining the inside of the nose rupture. This common occurrence can happen unexpectedly, often due to dry air, nose picking, or minor trauma. While most nosebleeds are not serious and resolve on their own, understanding the proper first aid response is important for effective management and to prevent potential complications.
The Correct Immediate Action
When a nosebleed begins, remain calm and find a comfortable place to sit upright. Sitting rather than lying down helps reduce blood pressure in the veins of the nose, which can lessen the bleeding. Once seated, lean your head slightly forward, ensuring your chin is not tucked into your chest.
After leaning forward, firmly pinch the soft, fleshy part of your nose, just above the nostrils, using your thumb and forefinger. This applies direct pressure to the bleeding vessels, similar to stopping a cut elsewhere. Maintain this continuous pressure for at least 10 to 15 minutes without releasing it to check if the bleeding has stopped. A cold compress or ice pack on the bridge of the nose can also constrict blood vessels, aiding in stopping the flow.
Understanding the “Why”
Leaning forward during a nosebleed leverages gravity to manage blood flow. When you lean forward, blood is directed out of the nostrils, allowing it to exit the body safely and visibly. This prevents blood from flowing backward down the throat, a common concern and primary reason for this posture.
Allowing blood to run down the throat can lead to uncomfortable and potentially harmful situations. Swallowing blood can irritate the stomach lining, often causing nausea and sometimes vomiting. If vomiting occurs, there is a risk of aspirating blood or stomach contents into the lungs, which can lead to serious respiratory issues. Leaning forward ensures that the airway remains clear and unobstructed, reducing the risk of choking or aspiration.
When Medical Attention is Needed
While most nosebleeds can be managed at home, certain situations warrant professional medical attention. If a nosebleed does not stop after 15 to 20 minutes of firm, continuous pressure, seek medical help. This prolonged bleeding might indicate a more significant vessel injury or an underlying condition.
Medical evaluation is important if bleeding is very heavy, gushing, or from both nostrils. A nosebleed after a head injury or accompanied by dizziness or weakness also requires immediate medical assessment. If you experience frequent or recurring nosebleeds without an apparent cause, a doctor can investigate underlying issues and recommend preventative measures or treatments.