“Cotton mouth,” or xerostomia, is a sensation of dryness and stickiness in the mouth. This temporary side effect is commonly associated with cannabis use, whether smoked, vaped, or consumed in edibles. While uncomfortable, cotton mouth is generally not harmful in the short term. This article explores the scientific reasons behind this phenomenon and offers practical ways to manage it.
The Biological Roots of Dry Mouth
The primary cause of cannabis-induced dry mouth is how tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). This system regulates various bodily functions, including saliva production. Saliva is mainly produced by the submandibular glands, located beneath the floor of the mouth.
THC binds to CB1 receptors on cholinergic neurons that innervate these salivary glands. Normally, the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates saliva production by releasing acetylcholine. When THC activates these CB1 receptors, it inhibits these signals, reducing acetylcholine release and decreasing saliva production and flow. This interaction also increases saliva viscosity, contributing to the dry, sticky feeling.
Effective Strategies for Relief
Several strategies can help alleviate cotton mouth discomfort. Staying well-hydrated is a primary step; drinking water before, during, and after cannabis use helps maintain oral moisture. Sipping water regularly throughout the experience is more effective than drinking a large amount all at once.
Stimulating saliva production also provides relief. Chewing sugar-free gum or sucking on sugar-free lozenges or hard candies encourages salivary glands to produce more saliva. Sour candies or citrus fruits can also trigger saliva flow, but acidic options should be used cautiously to protect tooth enamel. Avoiding dehydrating substances like caffeine and alcohol is beneficial, as these can exacerbate dryness.
Understanding Potential Concerns
While cotton mouth is often unpleasant, it is generally a temporary side effect that resolves as cannabis effects wear off. It is not a sign of whole-body dehydration, but a localized effect on saliva production. However, chronic dry mouth, regardless of its cause, can lead to significant oral health issues over time.
Reduced saliva flow compromises the mouth’s natural defenses, increasing the risk of tooth decay, gum disease, and mouth sores. Saliva neutralizes acids, washes away food particles, and protects against bacteria. Its prolonged absence can create an environment conducive to dental problems. If dry mouth symptoms persist significantly beyond cannabis use or are accompanied by other oral issues like persistent bad breath, tooth decay, or gum irritation, consulting a dentist or healthcare professional is advisable.