Calluses are areas of thickened, hardened skin that frequently appear on the feet. They develop as the body’s natural response to repeated friction or pressure, serving as a protective mechanism to safeguard underlying skin from irritation and damage.
How Calluses Form
Callus formation occurs when skin is subjected to persistent mechanical stress. The cells in the outermost layer, the epidermis, become more active. This increased activity leads to hyperkeratosis, the accelerated production and accumulation of keratinocytes, the primary cells of the epidermis. These keratinocytes proliferate rapidly and, instead of fully maturing into flat, thin cells, they retain a more voluminous, non-squamous shape. This results in a thickened, hardened pad of dead skin cells that forms on the surface, acting as a protective barrier.
Factors Contributing to Callus Development
Ill-fitting footwear is a frequent cause; tight shoes squeeze the feet, while loose shoes allow rubbing. High heels, for example, place excessive pressure on the balls of the feet.
Repetitive activities also play a significant role, with calluses commonly forming in individuals who stand, walk, or run for extended periods. Athletes in sports involving constant impact or friction, such as running or dancing, can develop calluses on specific pressure points. Foot deformities like bunions, hammertoes, or bone spurs create uneven pressure distribution. An abnormal gait, where the foot rolls inward (pronation) or outward (supination) excessively, can also lead to calluses as certain areas bear disproportionate stress.
Care and Prevention of Calluses
Managing existing calluses and preventing new ones involves practical adjustments to foot care and footwear. Wearing properly fitting shoes that provide adequate cushioning and support is a primary preventive measure. Shoes should offer ample toe room and be made of breathable materials to reduce friction. Protective padding or cushioned inserts can also help redistribute pressure and minimize rubbing.
Regular foot hygiene, including daily washing and moisturizing, helps keep the skin soft and pliable. Applying hydrating creams, especially those containing urea or lactic acid, can prevent excessive dryness and aid in softening the thickened skin. Gentle exfoliation with a pumice stone or foot file after soaking can help remove dead skin layers. If calluses become painful, inflamed, or show signs of infection, or if an individual has underlying conditions like diabetes or poor circulation, seek professional medical attention from a podiatrist.