Toenails undergo continuous growth. However, reasons why this growth might slow or stop. A change in toenail growth often signals an underlying issue, from minor localized problems to broader health conditions. Understanding these causes helps identify when intervention is necessary.
Understanding Normal Toenail Growth
Toenails originate from an area called the nail matrix, at the base of the nail plate, under the cuticle. This matrix produces new cells that harden and form the nail plate, pushing older nail forward. This steady cycle means toenails do not naturally “stop” growing without an underlying cause.
Toenails grow slower than fingernails, about 1 to 2 millimeters per month. Complete regrowth can take 9 to 18 months, depending on individual factors. This slow growth indicates healthy nail function.
Common Reasons for Growth Stoppage
Trauma is a common cause of slowed or halted toenail growth. Acute injuries, such as stubbing a toe or dropping a heavy object, can damage the nail matrix, disrupting new nail cell production. Chronic microtrauma from ill-fitting shoes or repetitive impact during activities like running can also cause similar damage. This damage can result in thickening, discoloration, or temporary growth cessation as the nail recovers.
Fungal infections also commonly impair toenail growth. These infections invade the nail plate and nail bed, leading to changes like thickening, discoloration (often yellow or white), and a crumbly texture. The fungus damages nail structure, severely impeding normal growth. Untreated, the nail may become brittle, detach, or stop growing.
Other localized issues also affect growth. Ingrown toenails, where the nail grows into surrounding skin, can cause inflammation and pain, indirectly impacting the nail matrix if severe. Certain skin conditions affecting the toes can also disrupt growth.
Systemic Factors and Medical Conditions
Beyond direct injury or infection, systemic factors and medical conditions influence toenail growth. Aging is a common factor, as nail growth naturally slows with age. This leads to thicker, harder, and more brittle toenails.
Circulatory problems, such as peripheral artery disease (PAD), affect toenail health and growth. Reduced blood flow to the extremities deprives the nail matrix of oxygen and nutrients needed for growth. This can result in nails that are brittle, discolored, or grow very slowly, sometimes appearing to stop.
Nutritional deficiencies can also affect nail growth and appearance. Deficiencies in iron, biotin, or vitamin B12 can impact nail health, leading to brittle nails, changes in shape, or altered growth. Adequate nutrition is important for keratin production, the protein that forms nails.
Certain medical conditions, including psoriasis, thyroid disorders, and severe illnesses, impact nail growth. Psoriasis can cause nail thickening, discoloration, and pitting, while thyroid imbalances can lead to brittle or slow-growing nails. Additionally, some medications, such as chemotherapy drugs, certain antibiotics, and retinoids, can cause nail changes, including inhibited growth.
When to Consult a Professional
Consult a healthcare professional if you observe persistent changes in your toenail growth or appearance. This includes prolonged lack of growth, significant discoloration (such as black, green, or severe yellowing), or unusual thickening. These symptoms might indicate an underlying issue requiring medical assessment.
Signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, pus, or increased pain around the nail, require prompt medical attention. If home remedies are ineffective or the growth problem’s cause is unclear, a doctor or podiatrist can provide a diagnosis. They can identify the cause and recommend treatment to restore nail health.