Split toenails, medically known as onychoschizia, occur when the nail plate separates into layers or develops cracks. This common condition can affect both fingernails and toenails, though it is often more noticeable and problematic in the thicker toenails. While frequently a harmless cosmetic concern, splitting can sometimes signal underlying health issues or simply result from everyday wear and tear.
External Factors and Everyday Habits
Physical trauma is a common cause of toenail splitting. Repeated minor impacts, such as from ill-fitting shoes, or a single significant injury, like stubbing a toe, can damage the nail plate and lead to cracks or delamination. This mechanical stress compromises the nail’s structural integrity, making it prone to splitting.
Improper footwear is a significant factor, as shoes that are too tight or narrow exert constant pressure on the toenails. This continuous friction and compression can weaken the nail, causing it to split. Individuals who engage in activities involving repetitive foot movements, like running, may also experience increased nail stress.
Excessive exposure to moisture can weaken nails. Frequent wetting and drying cycles, common for those who spend a lot of time in water or wear damp shoes, cause the nail plate to expand and contract. This process can deplete the nail’s natural oils and lead to dryness and brittleness.
Contact with harsh chemicals found in cleaning products, strong soaps, or certain nail polish removers can strip the nail of its protective layers. This chemical exposure can dry out and weaken the nail’s keratin structure. Using non-acetone removers and wearing gloves during chores can help protect the nails.
Incorrect nail care practices, such as aggressive filing, improper trimming, or using blunt tools, can cause trauma and splitting. Trimming nails too short or rounding the corners excessively can weaken the nail’s structure. Filing nails back and forth, rather than in one direction, can also create microscopic tears.
Internal Health and Biological Causes
Fungal infections, medically termed onychomycosis, are a common biological cause of toenail splitting. These infections thrive in warm, moist environments and can invade the nail plate, causing discoloration, thickening, and a crumbly texture. The fungal organisms weaken the nail’s keratin structure, leading to brittleness.
Aging impacts toenail health, as nails tend to become drier, thicker, and more brittle with age. The growth rate of nails slows down significantly, and they may lose moisture and elasticity over time. Reduced blood flow to the extremities can also contribute to these age-related changes.
Nutritional deficiencies can contribute to toenail splitting, though they are less common primary causes. Deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals, such as iron, biotin (vitamin B7), zinc, calcium, or magnesium, can affect nail strength and flexibility. For instance, iron deficiency can lead to brittle nails, while biotin is involved in keratin production, which forms the nail.
Systemic medical conditions can also manifest as changes in nail health, including splitting. Conditions like psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease, can cause nail pitting, discoloration, and separation of the nail plate from the nail bed. Thyroid disorders, particularly hypothyroidism, and peripheral artery disease, which affects circulation, can also contribute to brittle and splitting nails.
Steps for Healthy Toenails
Adopting proper nail trimming techniques is important in preventing toenail splitting. Nails should be trimmed straight across, not too short, and avoiding rounding the corners to reduce stress on the nail plate. It is beneficial to trim nails after a bath or shower when they are softer, making them easier to cut cleanly.
Regularly moisturizing nails and cuticles helps maintain their flexibility and prevents dryness. Applying a rich moisturizer or cuticle oil daily can keep the nail plate hydrated. This practice supports the nail’s natural barrier function.
Wearing well-fitting, protective footwear is important to shield toenails from physical trauma and excessive pressure. Shoes should offer ample toe room to prevent friction and compression, especially during physical activities. Choosing breathable materials can also help manage moisture levels around the feet.
Protecting nails from harsh chemicals is important. Wearing gloves when performing household chores, such as washing dishes or cleaning with strong detergents, can minimize exposure to irritants that weaken the nail. Opting for gentle, non-acetone based nail polish removers can also reduce chemical damage.
Maintaining good foot hygiene, including keeping feet clean and dry, can prevent fungal infections. Promptly addressing any signs of infection, such as discoloration or unusual thickening, is important. Regular inspection of toenails can help identify potential issues early.
Seeking professional help is recommended if toenail splitting persists, is accompanied by pain, significant discoloration, or other signs of infection. A podiatrist or healthcare provider can accurately diagnose the underlying cause, especially if a medical condition or severe injury is suspected. Medical attention is also warranted if the split extends into the nail bed or if there are symptoms like pus, increased redness, or swelling.