An intravenous (IV) line is a common medical tool used during labor and delivery, often prompting questions from expectant parents. It involves inserting a thin, flexible tube, known as a catheter, directly into a vein, typically in the hand or arm. This procedure allows healthcare providers to quickly and efficiently deliver fluids and medications into the body. Understanding the purpose of an IV can help alleviate anxiety about its use during childbirth.
Key Reasons for IV Use
Maintaining adequate hydration is a primary reason for IV placement during labor. Labor can be an intense physical process, and eating or drinking might be restricted or difficult, leading to dehydration. IV fluids help to prevent this, ensuring the birthing person’s fluid balance is maintained throughout labor.
An IV also provides immediate access for administering various medications. Pain relief, such as an epidural or other systemic analgesics, often requires IV access for both initial administration and to manage potential side effects like a drop in blood pressure. Medications for labor induction or augmentation, like synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin), are delivered intravenously to stimulate and regulate contractions. Additionally, antibiotics, particularly for conditions like Group B Streptococcus (GBS), are given through an IV to prevent infection transmission to the newborn.
An IV line also serves as a safety measure, providing rapid access for fluids or medications in unforeseen emergency situations. This allows medical teams to respond quickly to complications, safeguarding both the birthing person and the baby. The presence of an established IV line can save critical time if rapid medical intervention becomes necessary.
Common Substances Delivered
Common intravenous fluids include normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) or Lactated Ringer’s solution. These solutions help maintain hydration and electrolyte balance during labor, which is important during the physical demands of labor.
Medications for pain management, such as epidural medications or systemic pain relievers, are delivered via IV. Synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin) is also given intravenously for labor augmentation or induction to strengthen uterine contractions.
Antibiotics, like penicillin or ampicillin, are administered through the IV for conditions such as Group B Streptococcus (GBS) or signs of infection. This prevents transmission to the newborn.
Placement Considerations and Options
While the back of the hand or forearm are common sites for IV placement during labor, the choice of location is made for practical reasons. These areas often have visible and accessible veins, and placement there can allow for more freedom of movement compared to the inner elbow. The forearm is sometimes preferred as it may offer less restriction and discomfort during movement and pushing.
Other sites, such as the inner elbow (antecubital fossa), can be used if hand or forearm veins are not suitable, though they are less preferred due to the risk of kinking the catheter with arm bending. A “saline lock” is an option where a catheter is inserted but not continuously connected to fluids, providing ready access. Individuals can discuss IV placement with their healthcare team, as the decision is based on individual circumstances and safety.
Patient Experience and What to Expect
When an IV is inserted, the initial sensation is typically a brief, sharp sting as the needle enters the vein. The needle is then promptly removed, leaving only the flexible plastic catheter inside the vein. This catheter is secured with tape, allowing fluids and medications to be delivered.
While the IV is in place, minor discomforts may occur, such as a feeling of cold fluid or slight limitation in hand movement. Modern IVs allow for some mobility, and the IV pole can be moved with the birthing person. The IV is typically removed after birth, once medical staff determine it is no longer necessary.