An ovarian cyst is a common fluid-filled sac that develops on or within an ovary, usually as a result of the normal menstrual cycle. While most cysts are small and cause no symptoms, a growing cyst can physically interfere with the lower digestive tract. This interference leads to a feeling of blockage and difficulty passing stool. The experience of constipation alongside other pelvic symptoms is due to a direct anatomical reason.
Understanding Ovarian Cysts
Ovaries are located deep within the pelvic cavity, situated on either side of the uterus. This small, confined space is also home to several other structures, including the lower parts of the large intestine, the bladder, and the rectum. The close arrangement of these organs means that a change in the size of one can easily affect the function of another.
Most ovarian cysts are functional, meaning they are a normal part of the reproductive process and tend to resolve on their own. The size of the cyst, rather than its specific type, primarily determines whether it will cause symptoms. Cysts that grow large enough begin to press on adjacent structures, leading to discomfort and functional changes.
The Physical Mechanism: Why Constipation Occurs
Constipation caused by an ovarian cyst is a purely mechanical problem resulting from the “mass effect” of the growth. The mass effect describes the physiological consequence of an expanding, non-compressible mass pressing on surrounding tissues.
The ovary sits in close proximity to the sigmoid colon, the S-shaped last section of the large intestine before the rectum. This segment of the colon stores stool before elimination. Pressure from an enlarged cyst can physically compress or narrow the channel of the sigmoid colon or the rectum.
This external compression interferes with the normal, wave-like muscular contractions of the bowel known as peristalsis. When peristalsis is mechanically hindered, the movement of waste through the colon slows down dramatically. The resulting delayed transit time allows more water to be absorbed from the stool, making it harder, drier, and more difficult to pass, which is defined as constipation.
Other Digestive Symptoms Linked to Cysts
The same physical crowding that causes constipation can lead to a range of other uncomfortable digestive and pelvic symptoms. Bloating and a feeling of abdominal fullness are common complaints, often due to the cyst itself taking up space and pushing against the stomach and intestines.
Some people also experience early satiety, the sensation of feeling full very quickly after starting a meal. This occurs because the cyst exerts pressure on the digestive organs, limiting their capacity for expansion. Additionally, the pressure on the bowel can cause dyschezia, which is pain or difficulty during a bowel movement.
The bladder is also a close neighbor to the ovaries and is highly susceptible to the mass effect. A large cyst can press directly on the bladder, creating a frequent or urgent need to urinate, even if the bladder is not full.
When to Consult a Doctor About Digestive Changes
Any persistent or sudden change in digestive habits warrants a medical consultation, especially when accompanied by pelvic pain. If constipation does not improve with standard over-the-counter remedies and is accompanied by a feeling of heaviness or pressure in the pelvis, it may indicate a growing cyst requires evaluation.
There are specific warning signs that signal a serious complication, such as cyst rupture or ovarian torsion, which requires immediate medical attention. These signs include sudden, severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, or the complete inability to pass gas or stool. A fever alongside these symptoms suggests an infection. Seeking prompt medical evaluation is necessary to rule out a bowel obstruction or other complications.