A runny nose is a common experience for many older individuals. While often bothersome, this increased nasal discharge is a frequent and generally benign phenomenon. Understanding the underlying reasons can help demystify why it occurs more often with advancing age.
How Aging Affects Nasal Function
The nasal passages undergo several physiological changes as people age, impacting their ability to manage mucus effectively. The lining of the nose, known as the mucosa, can become thinner, and its glands may atrophy, affecting mucus production and quality. This can lead to altered mucus, sometimes resulting in thicker secretions.
The tiny, hair-like structures called cilia, responsible for moving mucus and trapped particles, also become less efficient with age. This decreased ciliary function means mucus is cleared more slowly, allowing it to accumulate and potentially lead to a runny sensation or postnasal drip. Additionally, the elasticity of blood vessels and nerve sensitivity in the nose may diminish. These combined effects contribute to a nose that is more prone to discharge.
Common Causes of Runny Noses in Older Adults
Beyond natural aging changes, several specific conditions and external factors contribute to a runny nose in older adults. One common cause is vasomotor rhinitis, sometimes called non-allergic rhinitis, where the nose reacts to non-allergic triggers. These triggers include sudden temperature changes, strong odors like perfumes or cleaning products, or spicy foods. The blood vessels and nerves in the nasal passages become hypersensitive, leading to symptoms like sneezing, congestion, and clear, watery discharge without allergens.
Another specific type of non-allergic rhinitis is gustatory rhinitis, which causes a runny nose specifically when eating. This is particularly noticeable after consuming hot or spicy foods. The nerve signals stimulated by these foods can trigger excessive watery mucus production.
Certain medications frequently taken by older adults can also cause a runny nose as a side effect. Some blood pressure medications, such as alpha-blockers or ACE inhibitors, can cause nasal congestion and discharge. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are another class of medications known to sometimes induce rhinitis.
Environmental factors can further exacerbate nasal symptoms. Dry air, especially indoors during winter months, can irritate the nasal lining and trigger increased mucus production. Irritants such as dust, smoke, or strong chemical fumes can also provoke a reaction, leading to a runny nose.
When to Seek Medical Advice
While a runny nose is often benign, certain signs and symptoms warrant a visit to a healthcare professional. If the nasal discharge becomes discolored (green or yellow) or develops a foul smell, it could indicate an infection. A runny nose accompanied by a fever, persistent facial pain or pressure, or changes in vision should also prompt medical evaluation.
Seeking advice is also recommended if the discharge is unilateral, meaning it only comes from one nostril. If symptoms are severe, do not improve with home care, or significantly impact daily activities and quality of life, a doctor can help determine the underlying cause and recommend appropriate treatment options.
Managing Runny Noses
Managing a chronic runny nose in older adults often involves practical, non-pharmacological approaches. Using saline nasal sprays or rinses can help moisturize nasal passages, thin mucus, and wash away irritants, promoting better nasal hygiene. Running a humidifier can add moisture to the air and prevent nasal dryness that might trigger discharge.
Avoiding known triggers, such as strong perfumes, smoke, or very spicy foods, can help reduce symptom frequency and severity. Staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids supports overall mucus health, making it less thick and easier to clear. Over-the-counter options like decongestants or antihistamines should be used with caution, particularly by older adults taking other medications, and ideally after consulting a healthcare provider.