Observing an older individual seemingly chewing when no food is present can be unsettling. This involuntary movement, sometimes called phantom or geriatric chewing, often signals an underlying medical or dental condition. These movements can affect comfort, oral health, and nutritional intake. Understanding the contributing factors can guide appropriate support.
Medical Explanations for Involuntary Chewing
One medical cause for involuntary chewing motions is tardive dyskinesia, a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, uncontrolled movements. This condition often arises as a side effect of long-term use of certain medications, particularly antipsychotics that block dopamine receptors in the brain. The movements associated with tardive dyskinesia frequently involve the face, tongue, lips, and jaw, manifesting as chewing, lip-smacking, grimacing, or tongue protrusion.
Orofacial dyskinesia is a broader term for involuntary mouth and face movements, with tardive dyskinesia being a specific type. Edentulous dyskinesia is a specialized form occurring in individuals who have lost their natural teeth. This condition is linked to a loss of nerve endings and periodontal ligaments after tooth extraction, disrupting sensory feedback that influences jaw movements.
Cognitive decline, such as that seen in dementia, can also contribute to involuntary chewing. Individuals with dementia may exhibit repetitive behaviors, known as perseveration, which can include continuous chewing motions. This can stem from changes in brain function that affect muscle control and the ability to remember basic actions like swallowing, sometimes leading to food being held in the mouth or a continuously open jaw.
Oral Health and Environmental Factors
Beyond neurological conditions, oral health issues frequently lead to unconscious chewing. Ill-fitting dentures are a common culprit, causing discomfort, pain, and instability. When dentures do not fit properly, individuals may make chewing or grinding motions to adjust them or relieve irritation. Prolonged use can also strain jaw muscles and joints, potentially leading to jaw pain.
The absence of natural teeth can weaken mouth and facial muscles, prompting involuntary chewing. Missing teeth also remove natural stops for jaw movement, causing the jaw to move more freely and potentially leading to habitual chewing. Regular dental check-ups are important to ensure dentures fit correctly and address any discomfort that might lead to these movements.
Dry mouth is another common factor that can trigger chewing motions. Reduced saliva production, often a side effect of medications or aging, causes discomfort and a sticky sensation. To alleviate this dryness and stimulate saliva flow, individuals may unconsciously make chewing or sucking movements.
When to Seek Professional Guidance
Observing involuntary chewing motions in an older adult warrants professional evaluation. Detailed observation of when the chewing occurs, what might precede or accompany it, and any other associated symptoms provides valuable information for healthcare providers.
Consulting a physician is a logical next step to determine if a medical condition is responsible for the movements. A proper diagnosis is important for developing an effective management strategy. A review of all current medications with the doctor is also important, as some involuntary movements can be drug-induced or exacerbated by certain prescriptions.
A dental evaluation is also important, especially if dental problems like ill-fitting dentures or gum irritation are suspected. Dentists can assess denture fit, check for oral discomfort, and recommend adjustments or alternative solutions. Providing support and understanding to the individual experiencing these movements is also beneficial.