The stinging, burning, and redness experienced after a swim, often referred to as “swimmer’s eye,” is a common reaction. This discomfort signals that the delicate surface of the eye has encountered irritants or contaminants present in the water. The quality of the water directly affects the eye’s protective mechanisms. Understanding the specific components causing this irritation is the first step toward finding relief and preventing future issues.
Chemical Irritation Versus Pathogen Exposure
The discomfort from swimming is typically caused by one of two issues: chemical irritation or exposure to infectious agents. Chemical irritation is most often found in chlorinated swimming pools, but it is rarely caused by chlorine itself. The problem arises when chlorine reacts with organic waste—such as sweat, urine, and body oils—introduced by swimmers. This reaction generates compounds known as chloramines, which are the true source of the stinging and the strong “chlorine smell.”
Chloramines are harsh irritants that actively strip away the tear film, a thin, protective layer of mucus, oil, and water that keeps the eye lubricated and healthy. When this tear film is compromised, the sensitive surface of the eye, the conjunctiva, is left vulnerable, leading to the characteristic redness, dryness, and gritty sensation. Another contributing factor in pools is an imbalanced pH level, which measures the water’s acidity or alkalinity. Pool water should ideally be kept within a narrow range of 7.2 to 7.8 to minimize irritation. If the pool’s pH is too far outside this range, the eyes will react with discomfort and burning, regardless of the chloramine level.
Eye pain from swimming in natural bodies of water, or in poorly maintained pools, is more likely to be caused by pathogen exposure. Lakes, rivers, and the ocean can harbor various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Common infections include viral and bacterial conjunctivitis, or “pink eye,” which can be highly contagious and typically present with symptoms such as a watery or thick discharge. A more serious, though rare, concern is the parasite Acanthamoeba, found in fresh water and soil, which can cause a severe corneal infection called keratitis. Unlike mild chemical irritation, infections often cause persistent pain, increased light sensitivity, and may require medical intervention.
Immediate Steps for Soothing Eye Discomfort
Once you exit the water, the first step is to gently rinse your eyes to wash away any remaining chemical residue or contaminants. Use a sterile saline solution or an over-the-counter eyewash product, as these are formulated to match the eye’s natural salinity. If sterile solutions are unavailable, clean, fresh water can be used, but avoid vigorous rubbing which can worsen the irritation.
To help restore the compromised tear film and relieve the feeling of dryness, apply preservative-free artificial tears. These lubricating drops help reestablish the eye’s natural moisture barrier and soothe burning sensations. Applying a cool compress or a washcloth soaked in cold water over your closed eyelids can also help reduce immediate inflammation and lessen the visibility of redness.
While most chemical irritation subsides within a few hours, certain symptoms require prompt medical attention. Consult a healthcare professional if the pain is severe or persists for more than 24 hours after swimming. Other warning signs include thick, colored discharge, any noticeable blurring of vision, or extreme sensitivity to light. These symptoms suggest a possible bacterial or parasitic infection that needs prescription treatment.
Preventative Measures for Swimmer’s Eye
The most effective way to prevent post-swim eye discomfort is to create a physical barrier between your eyes and the water. Wearing a pair of properly fitted swimming goggles forms a watertight seal, protecting the eyes from direct contact with chloramines, pH-imbalanced water, and waterborne pathogens. For those who swim outdoors, goggles with tinted or polarized lenses offer the added benefit of reducing glare and UV exposure, contributing to overall eye comfort.
Good personal hygiene before and after swimming reduces the irritants in pool water. Rinsing your body with fresh water before entering the pool removes most of the organic matter that reacts with chlorine to form irritating chloramines. Immediately after swimming, shower again and gently rinse your face and eyes to remove any lingering chemical traces or microorganisms.
Swimmers who wear contact lenses must take extra precautions. Contact lenses can absorb and trap chemicals and microorganisms, including the dangerous Acanthamoeba parasite, directly against the cornea. It is strongly advised to always remove soft contact lenses before swimming in any body of water to minimize the risk of serious infection. Prescription swimming goggles offer a safe alternative for clear vision while in the water.