Experiencing pain with a lower denture is a common frustration because the lower jaw presents unique challenges for stability. Unlike an upper denture, which relies on the broad palate for a stabilizing suction seal, the lower denture must contend with a smaller, flatter surface area. This lack of natural suction, combined with the constant movement of the tongue and cheek muscles, means the appliance is prone to shifting. When a denture moves, it causes friction and pressure against the sensitive gum tissue, making pain a frequent experience that requires professional attention.
Issues Related to Denture Fit
The most frequent cause of lower denture discomfort relates directly to how the appliance rests and functions within the mouth. When natural teeth are lost, the underlying jawbone loses stimulation, leading to a process called bone resorption. This means the jawbone shrinks and reshapes over time, causing the gum ridge to diminish and altering the contour the denture was originally molded to fit. The denture’s base no longer matches the changing anatomy, creating uneven pressure points and instability that lead to painful rubbing.
As the jawbone changes, the once-snug denture becomes loose, leading to excessive movement and friction on the gums. To correct this poor fit, a dental professional may recommend a reline. A reline involves resurfacing the interior of the denture base with new acrylic material to better conform to the current gum shape. A rebase is a more extensive procedure that replaces the entire acrylic base while preserving the existing denture teeth.
Another source of pain comes from an improper bite, or occlusion, where the upper and lower teeth meet incorrectly during chewing. If chewing forces are not distributed evenly, localized areas of the gum ridge will bear too much pressure, resulting in sore spots and inflammation. For new denture wearers, some initial soreness is expected as the mouth tissues adjust. However, persistent pain indicates an underlying fit issue that needs immediate correction. Ignoring pressure points can accelerate bone loss in those specific areas.
Oral Conditions Causing Pain
Sometimes the pain is caused by an existing oral condition that the appliance exacerbates, rather than solely the fit. Localized rubbing from a loose denture can quickly lead to the formation of sore spots, or ulcers, where the tissue breaks down under constant pressure. These painful areas are visible as small, red, and irritated patches on the gum ridge directly beneath the denture base.
A common biological issue is denture stomatitis, characterized by inflammation and redness of the tissue under the denture. This condition is frequently caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans. Poor denture hygiene and continuous wear, especially overnight, create a warm, moist environment where this yeast infection thrives, leading to a burning sensation or general soreness.
A lack of saliva, known as dry mouth or xerostomia, increases the likelihood of pain and irritation. Saliva acts as a natural lubricant and helps create the seal necessary for denture stability. Without it, friction between the denture and the gum tissue increases significantly. Many common medications, such as those for high blood pressure or depression, can cause dry mouth, removing the protective barrier. In rare instances, underlying nerve conditions can mimic denture-related pain.
Immediate Steps and Professional Consultation
If a lower denture begins to hurt severely, the most immediate step is to allow the tissues to rest by removing the appliance, particularly during the night. Giving the gums a break from the constant pressure permits the inflamed tissue to recover and reduces the risk of further irritation. Rinsing the mouth several times a day with warm salt water can help soothe irritated areas and temporarily reduce inflammation.
Maintaining excellent hygiene is paramount; this involves regularly cleaning both the denture and the underlying gum tissue to minimize the bacterial and fungal load in the mouth. However, avoid attempting any home fixes, such as filing down the denture or using household glues. These actions can permanently ruin the fit and complicate professional repair.
Any persistent or worsening pain requires a professional evaluation, as only a dental professional can accurately diagnose the source of the discomfort. To help the professional identify the exact source of pain, wear the denture for several hours before the appointment. This will cause the pressure points to mark the tissue with tell-tale redness, guiding the necessary adjustments. Addressing the pain promptly prevents minor issues from escalating into chronic inflammation or accelerating bone loss.