When a dental professional identifies a cavity, a filling is often recommended. Cavities are a common dental concern that, if left unaddressed, can lead to significant issues. Understanding how cavities develop and the purpose of a dental filling clarifies why this treatment is advised.
How Cavities Form
Cavities, also known as dental caries, begin with the interaction of bacteria, sugars, and acids in the mouth. Bacteria naturally present in the mouth feed on sugars and starches from foods and drinks, forming a sticky film called plaque on the tooth surface. These bacteria then produce acids as a byproduct of metabolizing sugars.
The acids in plaque attack the tooth’s hard outer layer, the enamel, by dissolving its minerals in a process called demineralization. If this acidic environment persists, and minerals are lost faster than they can be restored by saliva and fluoride, the enamel weakens and eventually breaks down. This breakdown creates tiny holes or openings in the tooth, which are the initial stages of a cavity. Once decay penetrates the enamel and reaches the softer inner layer, the dentin, decay can accelerate.
Recognizing a Cavity
Identifying a cavity can be challenging, especially in its early stages, as it may not cause noticeable symptoms. However, as decay progresses, several signs may indicate a cavity. One common indicator is sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks.
Visible changes to the tooth can also signal decay. These include white spots, or later, brown or black staining on the tooth surface. A persistent toothache or discomfort when biting down can also suggest a cavity has advanced. A visible pit or hole in the tooth may become apparent.
What a Filling Does
A dental filling restores a tooth damaged by decay, bringing it back to its normal function and shape. The procedure involves removing the decayed tooth material, cleaning the affected area thoroughly, and then sealing the space with a filling material. This process halts decay progression and prevents bacteria from entering the inner part of the tooth.
Fillings also help maintain the tooth’s structural integrity and chewing function. Various materials are used for fillings, including amalgam (a mixture of metals) and composite resin (tooth-colored). Other options include porcelain and gold.
The Risks of Delaying Treatment
Delaying treatment for a cavity can lead to increasingly severe dental problems. A small cavity will not heal on its own and will continue to grow, penetrating deeper into the tooth structure. As decay progresses, it can reach the pulp, the innermost layer of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels, leading to increased pain and sensitivity.
Once decay reaches the pulp, it can result in an infection, forming a pus-filled pocket known as an abscess. Such infections can cause significant pain, swelling, and, if left untreated, may spread to other parts of the body, posing broader health risks. An untreated cavity can necessitate more extensive and costly procedures like a root canal to remove the infected pulp or even tooth extraction if the tooth cannot be saved.