Recurring strep throat, a bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus), affects the throat and tonsils, causing inflammation and discomfort. While treatable with antibiotics, understanding why it returns can help manage the condition effectively.
Why Strep Returns
One common reason for strep throat recurrence is incomplete antibiotic treatment. Even if symptoms improve quickly, stopping antibiotics early allows remaining bacteria to multiply, leading to a rebound infection. Completing the full 10-day course, as prescribed, is important to ensure all bacteria are eliminated.
Another factor is asymptomatic carriers, individuals who harbor Streptococcus pyogenes without symptoms. Though less contagious than those with active infections, they can still transmit the bacteria, especially in close environments like households or schools. A family member or close contact can be a source of repeated exposure, leading to new infections. Asymptomatic throat carriage is a primary mode of transmission for Group A Streptococcus.
Re-exposure to the bacteria, even after successful treatment, is a frequent cause of recurrence. Strep throat spreads easily through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, and contact with contaminated surfaces or shared items. Close contact environments like schools or daycares increase the risk of new infections. This is distinct from a relapse and represents a new instance of the illness.
Other Explanations for Recurring Symptoms
Not every sore throat that feels like strep is actually a strep infection, leading to perceived recurrence. Viral pharyngitis, a sore throat caused by a virus, is much more common than strep. Many viral infections, like the common cold or flu, cause similar symptoms. If a viral infection follows a true strep episode, it might be mistaken for recurrent strep. Viral infections do not respond to antibiotics, and unnecessary use contributes to antibiotic resistance.
Misdiagnosis can also play a role in perceived recurring strep. Rapid strep tests, while convenient, have limitations. They can sometimes produce false positive results, meaning the test indicates strep is present when it is not actively causing illness. This can occur if non-pathogenic strep bacteria are present or due to lingering antigens after a recent infection, leading to unnecessary antibiotic treatment. A positive test might reflect a carrier state rather than an active infection.
Other bacterial infections can also cause pharyngitis, or sore throat, which might be confused with strep throat. While Group A Streptococcus is the most common bacterial cause, other bacteria like Group C and G streptococci can also lead to similar symptoms. These less common bacterial causes may require different diagnostic approaches or treatments, and their presence might be misinterpreted as recurrent strep.
Steps to Minimize Recurrence
Adhering to the full course of antibiotics is a primary step in preventing recurrent strep throat. Completing the entire prescribed duration ensures complete eradication of Streptococcus pyogenes, even if symptoms improve. Stopping treatment prematurely increases the likelihood of the infection returning or leading to complications.
Practicing good hygiene significantly reduces the spread of strep bacteria. Frequent handwashing, especially after coughing or sneezing and before eating, helps prevent transmission. Covering coughs and sneezes, and avoiding sharing personal items, limits infectious droplet spread. Regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces, particularly in shared living spaces, can further reduce bacterial presence.
If recurrent strep throat is a persistent household issue, testing close contacts, especially family members, might be beneficial. This helps identify asymptomatic carriers who may be unknowingly contributing to repeated infections. While carriers may not require treatment, identifying them can inform strategies to prevent further spread within the home.
Seeking medical attention for persistent or recurring sore throats ensures accurate diagnosis. A healthcare provider can perform a strep test to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections. Proper diagnosis helps avoid unnecessary antibiotic use for viral illnesses and ensures appropriate treatment for true strep infections.