A vaginal yeast infection, or candidiasis, is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast, which naturally resides in the body. While Candida is normally kept in check by beneficial bacteria, an imbalance can lead to an infection. Many individuals observe yeast infections around their menstrual cycle, with symptoms often appearing after their period.
The Menstrual Cycle’s Impact on Vaginal Health
Hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle directly influence the vaginal environment, affecting its suitability for Candida yeast. Estrogen levels typically drop just before and after menstruation, altering the delicate balance of microorganisms in the vagina. This decline in estrogen can decrease Lactobacillus bacteria, which help maintain an acidic vaginal pH. A healthy vaginal pH is typically between 3.8 and 4.5.
When Lactobacillus levels decrease, the vaginal pH can become less acidic or more alkaline. This change creates a favorable environment for Candida to multiply. Additionally, menstrual blood, with a pH closer to neutral (around 7.4), can temporarily raise the vaginal pH. As menstruation ends, this elevated pH can contribute to yeast proliferation, leading to symptoms shortly after the period.
Additional Factors Increasing Susceptibility
Beyond hormonal shifts, several other factors can increase susceptibility to yeast infections. A common cause is antibiotic use, which can eliminate beneficial Lactobacillus bacteria in the vagina, allowing Candida to overgrow. Individuals with weakened immune systems, due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or corticosteroid medications, also face a higher risk.
Uncontrolled diabetes contributes to susceptibility because high blood sugar levels can lead to increased glucose in vaginal secretions, providing a food source for yeast. Oral contraceptive use can also influence susceptibility due to induced hormonal changes. Wearing tight or synthetic clothing can trap moisture and heat, creating a damp environment conducive to yeast growth. Douching or using scented feminine hygiene products can disrupt the natural balance of vaginal flora, increasing infection risk.
Managing and Preventing Yeast Infections
Common symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection include itching, a burning sensation, redness, and a thick, white, cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge. Over-the-counter antifungal treatments, such as creams, ointments, or suppositories, often contain miconazole or clotrimazole and are typically applied vaginally for several days. For some, a single oral dose of fluconazole may be prescribed.
It is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis, especially if symptoms are persistent, recurrent, or severe, to rule out other conditions. Medical advice is recommended before starting any treatment, particularly for recurrent infections (four or more per year), where a longer course or maintenance medication might be necessary.
Preventive measures include choosing breathable cotton underwear and avoiding tight-fitting clothing to reduce moisture. Refraining from douching, using harsh soaps, or scented feminine hygiene products can help preserve the natural vaginal balance. Managing blood sugar levels is beneficial for individuals with diabetes. Discussing probiotics with a healthcare provider can also promote the growth of healthy bacteria.