A mole, scientifically termed a melanocytic nevus, is a common, small, pigmented skin growth. These spots are benign collections of melanocytes, the specialized cells that produce melanin (skin pigment). Having a mole on your nose is normal, as most people develop between 10 and 40 moles over their lifetime.
The Biology of Mole Formation
Moles form when melanocytes, instead of being evenly dispersed throughout the skin’s basal layer, grow in tight, concentrated clusters. The overgrowth of these pigment-producing cells creates the distinct, usually brown or black spots we recognize as moles.
Moles are classified based on when they appear. Congenital nevi are present at birth or develop shortly thereafter, affecting about one percent of newborns. Acquired nevi appear later in childhood and adolescence, making up the majority of adult moles.
Genetics, Sun Exposure, and Location
The total number of moles a person develops is significantly influenced by their genetic inheritance. A tendency to have a high mole count or to develop moles in specific patterns can often be traced through family members. This genetic predisposition sets the stage for where and how many melanocyte clusters will form.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is a primary environmental factor that stimulates melanocytes. UV exposure increases melanin production and triggers cells to cluster, forming new moles or darkening existing ones. This interaction explains why moles often increase during sun-intensive years like childhood and adolescence.
The nose is a prominent structure, making it a target for direct and intense solar radiation exposure. Unlike areas that may be shaded or covered, the nose receives a high dose of UV light from various angles throughout the day. This constant exposure makes the skin cells on the nose more likely to be stimulated, increasing the probability of mole development in that location.
Identifying Atypical Changes
While most moles are harmless, it is prudent to regularly monitor them for specific changes that could indicate a health concern. Self-examination is conducted using the ABCDE guidelines. Any mole exhibiting asymmetry, where one half does not match the other, warrants further attention.
The borders of a benign mole are smooth and distinct; look for borders that are irregular, notched, or poorly defined. Color changes are another sign, especially if the mole contains multiple shades (black, brown, tan, red, white, or blue). A diameter larger than six millimeters (roughly the size of a pencil eraser) is a characteristic to note.
The most informative sign is evolution: any recent change in a mole’s size, shape, color, or elevation. This includes new symptoms like itching, bleeding, or crusting. If a mole displays one or more of these atypical characteristics, consult a dermatologist for a professional evaluation.
Professional Options for Removal
When a mole needs removal for medical or cosmetic reasons, a qualified physician should perform the procedure. For raised, benign moles, a shave excision is common, where the mole is shaved flush with the skin’s surface using a scalpel. This method is quick and usually does not require stitches.
If a mole is large, flat, or suspected of being atypical, surgical excision is usually necessary to ensure the entire lesion is removed. This involves cutting out the mole and a small margin of surrounding tissue, requiring stitches to close the wound. The removed tissue is then sent for pathological analysis.
Laser removal is a less common option, reserved for small, flat, non-suspicious moles for cosmetic reasons. The laser light breaks down the pigment within the mole, but this technique is not suitable for deeper moles or lesions requiring biopsy. A dermatologist will determine the safest and most effective removal method based on the mole’s characteristics and location.