Aphthous ulcers, commonly known as canker sores, are small, painful lesions that appear inside the mouth, often on the tongue, gums, or inner cheeks. They typically present as round or oval sores with a white or yellowish center and a red border. Many individuals notice these uncomfortable sores tend to emerge or worsen when they are feeling unwell, prompting questions about the connection between sickness and their appearance.
Immune System’s Role
When a person becomes sick, especially with an infection, their immune system mobilizes to combat pathogens. This intense focus on fighting the illness can temporarily alter or suppress other immune responses. As the body allocates resources to overcome the infection, oral immune surveillance may become less robust, making mucous membranes more susceptible to sores.
Illness often triggers a systemic inflammatory response, including in oral tissues. This increased inflammation, while part of the healing process, can contribute to canker sore formation. The immune system’s shift in priorities and heightened inflammation create an environment where these lesions are more likely to manifest. This interplay between systemic illness and localized oral vulnerability highlights the complex nature of canker sore development.
Additional Triggers During Illness
Beyond direct immune system changes, other factors associated with illness can trigger canker sores. Physical and emotional stress often accompany sickness, and stress is a recognized contributor to outbreaks. The body’s stress response can influence immune function, making the oral environment more prone to lesions.
Illness can also lead to temporary nutritional deficiencies. Reduced appetite, changes in food intake, or increased metabolic demands from fighting an infection can deplete essential vitamins and minerals. Deficiencies in iron, folate, vitamin B12, and zinc are linked to an increased risk of canker sores, as these micronutrients are important for healthy oral tissues.
Minor physical trauma to the mouth can also become a factor when sick. Dry mouth, often experienced during illness due to dehydration or medication, can make the oral lining more fragile. Increased mouth breathing due to nasal congestion can further dry tissues, potentially leading to small abrasions that develop into sores.
Managing Canker Sores
Managing canker sores, especially during illness, focuses on pain relief and promoting healing. Over-the-counter topical anesthetics (gels or liquids) can temporarily numb the sore and provide comfort. Rinsing with warm salt water (a teaspoon of salt in a half-cup of water) or a baking soda solution (a teaspoon of baking soda in a half-cup of water) several times daily can help soothe the area and keep it clean.
Maintain gentle oral hygiene; use a soft-bristled toothbrush to avoid irritating the sores further. Dietary modifications can also reduce discomfort; avoid acidic foods like citrus fruits, spicy dishes, and abrasive items such as hard toast or chips. Staying hydrated and getting adequate rest are beneficial during illness, supporting overall healing and aiding canker sore resolution.
When to Consult a Doctor
While most canker sores resolve on their own, certain situations warrant medical attention. Consult a doctor if a sore is unusually large, or persists longer than two weeks without healing. Frequent recurrence, where new sores appear shortly after old ones resolve, also prompts a medical evaluation.
Severe pain interfering with eating or drinking, or sores accompanied by high fever, diarrhea, headache, or skin rash, indicate a need for professional assessment. A healthcare provider can help rule out other underlying conditions with similar symptoms. They can also prescribe stronger treatments, such as prescription mouth rinses or oral medications, if over-the-counter remedies are insufficient.