When hummingbirds suddenly disappear from feeders, it can be puzzling. Their absence often prompts questions about what went wrong. Various factors, from natural environmental shifts to feeder issues or external threats, can influence hummingbird presence.
Natural Shifts and Cycles
Hummingbirds are highly migratory birds, and their seasonal movements are a primary reason for their varying presence at feeders throughout the year. Species like the Ruby-throated Hummingbird undertake extensive migrations, traveling thousands of miles between their breeding grounds in North America and their wintering habitats in Central America or Mexico. The timing of these migrations varies by species and location, with some beginning their southward journey as early as July and others heading north in late winter or early spring. This innate migratory drive, influenced by changing day length, prompts them to leave regardless of feeder availability.
Beyond migration, the availability of natural food sources significantly impacts feeder visitation. As spring progresses into summer, blooming flowers and increased insect populations provide abundant nectar and protein, which are essential components of a hummingbird’s diet. Hummingbirds consume small insects, larvae, and spiders for protein, fat, and salts that nectar does not provide. When natural foraging opportunities are plentiful, hummingbirds may visit feeders less frequently as they prioritize these diverse and readily available natural food sources.
Weather conditions also play a role in hummingbird activity and feeder visits. Sudden changes, such as cold snaps, prolonged rain, or extreme heat, can temporarily alter their behavior. During adverse weather, hummingbirds might seek shelter or move to more favorable microclimates, leading to a temporary decrease in visible feeder activity.
Feeder Issues and Setup
The quality and freshness of nectar are important for attracting hummingbirds. The recommended solution is plain white granulated sugar mixed with water, typically one part sugar to four parts water. Avoid artificial sweeteners, honey, brown sugar, or food dyes, as these harm birds. Nectar spoils quickly, especially in warm weather, leading to fermentation or mold that deters or sickens hummingbirds. In hot climates, change nectar daily or every other day; in cooler weather, it may last two to seven days.
Maintaining feeder cleanliness prevents bacteria and mold buildup. Dirty feeders are unappealing and dangerous for hummingbirds. Empty and thoroughly clean feeders with hot water and a bottle brush every time nectar is changed. Occasional cleaning with a weak vinegar solution (one part vinegar to two parts water) or a very dilute bleach solution (one part bleach to nine parts water) can sanitize the feeder, but thorough rinsing is necessary to remove residue.
Feeder placement and design influence hummingbird visits; they should be visible but protected from predators and intense sunlight. Morning sun and afternoon shade are ideal to prevent nectar spoilage. Position feeders 10 to 15 feet from a tree or shrub for nearby cover and quick escape. If territorial disputes arise, place multiple feeders out of sight to reduce aggression. Ensure feeder design allows easy access, as difficult ports or unsuitable colors can discourage use.
Dealing with Pests and Predators
Insects like ants, wasps, and bees can deter hummingbirds by contaminating nectar or being a nuisance, with ants quickly overrunning feeders due to sugar attraction. Use ant moats, small water-filled cups above the feeder, to create a barrier ants cannot cross. Applying cinnamon around the feeder’s hanging point also deters them. Wasps and bees are drawn to sweet nectar; use bee guards, move feeders to shade, or avoid yellow accents to help.
Larger birds and squirrels can monopolize feeders or scare hummingbirds away. Aggressive species may prevent hummingbirds from accessing nectar. To mitigate this, place feeders in areas less accessible to larger birds, like dense foliage, or use small, perch-less designs only hummingbirds can easily use. Providing alternative food sources at separate feeders can redirect their attention.
Domestic predators, particularly cats, pose a significant threat to hummingbirds. Outdoor cats are efficient hunters and easily catch hummingbirds focused on feeding. To protect hummingbirds, place feeders in locations inaccessible to cats, such as high branches or poles with baffles. Other wildlife, like praying mantises or spiders, may occasionally pose a threat by ambushing hummingbirds at the feeder, so periodic checks for these less common predators can be helpful.