When visiting the dentist, many people experience a routine where the dental professional gently “pokes” their gums. This common procedure is a fundamental part of a comprehensive dental examination. Understanding why this happens provides insight into its significance for oral health.
The Primary Reason for the Examination
Dental professionals perform this examination to assess gum health and detect periodontal disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis, the earliest stage, is characterized by inflammation, redness, and swelling, often leading to bleeding. Untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form where inflammation extends to supporting tooth structures, potentially causing bone loss.
Probing helps identify subtle signs of inflammation and bleeding, early indicators of gum issues. It also allows the dentist to locate and measure “pockets,” spaces that form between the teeth and gums as disease progresses. Healthy gums fit snugly around the teeth, creating a shallow, easily cleanable space. Bacterial buildup can cause the gums to pull away, forming deeper pockets where bacteria can thrive and cause damage. This assessment enables early detection and intervention before significant damage occurs.
Interpreting the Findings
Measurements provide important information about gum health. The space between the tooth and gum line is measured in millimeters, indicating “pocket depth.” Healthy gums typically have pocket depths of 1 to 3 millimeters, signifying firm attachment to the tooth. In a healthy mouth, probing generally does not cause bleeding.
Measurements of 4 millimeters or more often suggest gum disease, as deeper pockets allow bacteria to accumulate. A measurement of 5 millimeters or greater can indicate moderate to advanced periodontitis, potentially involving bone loss. Bleeding during probing, even with gentle pressure, is a common sign of inflammation, often associated with gingivitis. While bleeding on probing indicates inflammation, its absence is a strong indicator of periodontal health.
The Examination Process
A specialized periodontal probe is used for this examination. This slender instrument has millimeter markings for precise measurements. The dental professional gently inserts the probe into the sulcus, the natural space between the tooth and gum line, keeping it parallel to the tooth’s surface.
The probe is moved around the circumference of each tooth, with measurements taken at six points. The goal is to reach the base of the pocket with light, consistent pressure (usually 10-20 grams). Patients generally experience mild pressure, and it should not be painful unless gum tissue is inflamed or sensitive. The recorded numbers help the dental team track gum health and determine if treatment is necessary.