Dabbing is a method of consuming cannabis concentrates by vaporizing a small amount of extract on a heated surface and inhaling the resulting vapor. This process delivers high concentrations of cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), rapidly to the user. A common side effect, however, is an intense coughing fit immediately following inhalation. This reaction is a complex physiological and chemical response triggered by several factors unique to the dabbing process, and it is not merely a consequence of inhaling vapor. This analysis explains the scientific reasons behind this immediate respiratory defense mechanism.
The Impact of Extreme Vapor Temperature
The extreme temperature of the inhaled vapor is the primary physical trigger for the dabbing-induced cough. Traditional dabbing often involves heating the surface, known as a nail or banger, to temperatures exceeding 600°F (315°C) before the concentrate is applied. When the extract touches this surface, it flash-vaporizes, creating a plume of vapor significantly hotter than the air the respiratory system processes. The delicate tissues lining the throat and bronchial tubes are highly sensitive to thermal changes, and this high-temperature exposure causes immediate physical irritation, often described as a “heat shock.” Users who employ lower-temperature techniques, typically between 300°F and 450°F (150°C and 232°C), report a noticeably smoother experience, demonstrating that the intensity of the thermal irritation is directly proportional to the vapor temperature.
High Concentration and Chemical Triggers
Beyond the physical heat, the highly concentrated chemical composition of the vapor provides a separate layer of irritation.
High Cannabinoid Concentration
Cannabis concentrates can contain up to 90% cannabinoids, a potency far greater than the 15-25% found in dried flower. This sheer density of active compounds can overwhelm the respiratory system, which is designed to handle ambient air. The high concentration means the body is exposed to a massive dose of chemicals in a single breath, triggering a strong defensive reaction.
Terpenes and Degradation Products
Terpenes, the aromatic compounds responsible for the flavor and scent of cannabis, act as chemical irritants when inhaled in large concentrations. Although naturally occurring, these volatile organic compounds, like limonene and pinene, can trigger the same sensory nerves that react to strong fumes. If the dabbing surface is heated excessively, these terpenes can degrade into noxious byproducts. For instance, temperatures above 600°F can break down terpenes to form compounds like methacrolein and benzene, which are known respiratory irritants and toxins. The presence of these degradation products significantly increases the harshness of the vapor.
Residual Contaminants
Trace amounts of residual processing agents or contaminants also contribute to the harshness of the vapor. If the concentrate was not properly purged during extraction, residual solvents like butane may be present. Additionally, cutting agents or thickeners, such as propylene glycol or vitamin E acetate, may be introduced into the concentrate. When heated and inhaled, these substances are known to cause significant airway inflammation. These chemical components, whether natural or residual, activate the body’s defensive mechanisms against foreign substances.
The Biological Mechanism of the Cough Reflex
The cough that follows a dab is a reflex action, an involuntary bodily function designed to clear the airways. The irritation from the heat and chemicals is detected by specialized sensory receptors located throughout the respiratory tract. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels are key, as they are activated by high temperatures and chemical irritants, including certain cannabinoids. When the hot, concentrated vapor stimulates these receptors, they send a rapid signal to the cough center in the brainstem, which interprets the signal as an intrusion that must be expelled. This neurological trigger immediately initiates a coordinated muscular response, resulting in a powerful, forced exhalation intended to clear the irritating vapor from the sensitive lining of the bronchi and trachea.
Techniques for Reducing Airway Irritation
Users can mitigate the severity of the cough by focusing on temperature control. Using an electronic dab rig (e-rig) or a temperature-controlled heating element allows for precise management of the vaporization temperature, preventing thermal shock. Maintaining the surface temperature between 300°F and 450°F ensures the resulting vapor is cooler and less harsh on the lungs, which is crucial for comfort. Water filtration systems, such as a large dab rig, are also effective, as passing the hot vapor through water rapidly lowers its temperature and reduces physical irritation. Additionally, employing a “cold start” dabbing method or taking a slow, controlled inhalation can limit the duration of contact between the irritant and the sensitive airway tissue.