Honey bee swarming is a natural process where a colony reproduces by splitting into two or more distinct colonies. This is a common occurrence, particularly during warmer months.
Why Colonies Swarm
Honey bee colonies swarm primarily as a natural method of reproduction and expansion. Overcrowding within the original hive often triggers swarming, especially when the population grows rapidly due to abundant nectar and pollen resources.
As the hive becomes congested, the queen’s pheromones may become diluted or less effective. This signals to worker bees that it is time to prepare for a split. The colony then begins to raise new queen bees, and the old queen prepares to leave with a portion of the worker bees.
The departing swarm typically includes the old queen and about half to two-thirds of the worker bees. The remaining bees stay behind in the original hive to care for the developing new queens. Once a new queen emerges and mates, she will take over the original colony, ensuring its survival.
The Swarming Process
The swarming process involves a series of coordinated actions. Before the actual swarm, worker bees prepare by constructing special “queen cells” for new queens. The existing queen lays eggs in these cells, and workers feed the larvae with royal jelly.
Just before leaving, the worker bees and the queen reduce her feedings to lose weight for flight. The bees also engorge themselves with honey to fuel their journey and produce wax for their new home. When the new queen cells are capped, the old queen and a large group of worker bees exit the hive in a chaotic whirl.
This mass of bees does not travel far initially, often settling within a few meters of the original hive on a nearby tree branch, bush, or other structure. They form a temporary cluster around the queen while scout bees search for a new, permanent home. This temporary cluster can remain for a few hours to several days, depending on weather and the time needed to find a suitable location.
Encountering a Swarm
Encountering a bee swarm can be alarming. However, swarming bees are generally docile and not aggressive. They are focused on finding a new home and do not have a hive, brood, or food stores to defend.
It is important not to disturb the swarm. If you see a swarm, maintain a safe distance and keep pets and children away. Do not attempt to spray them with water or insecticides, as this can agitate the bees and provoke them to sting.
Swarms are usually temporary, and the bees will move on once a new home is found. If a swarm persists or is in a problematic location, such as a public area, contact a local beekeeper or bee removal service. Many beekeepers are willing to collect swarms to establish new colonies, which helps support bee populations.