Cement burns are a type of chemical burn that occurs when skin contacts wet cement. These injuries are a significant hazard in both industrial and household environments. When wet, cement transforms into a highly alkaline and corrosive substance, capable of causing considerable tissue damage. Understanding its properties and interaction with skin is important for mitigating the associated risks.
The Corrosive Nature of Wet Cement
Wet cement’s corrosive nature stems from its chemical properties. Cement powder contains calcium oxide (lime). When water is added, a hydration reaction begins, forming calcium hydroxide.
This reaction is highly exothermic, releasing significant heat. The resulting calcium hydroxide solution has a very high pH, typically 12.5 to 13. This extreme alkalinity is the primary reason wet cement is corrosive to skin. While the heat generated by the reaction can contribute to the injury, the high alkalinity is the main mechanism of damage.
How Alkaline Burns Damage Tissue
Wet cement’s high alkalinity damages skin through liquefaction necrosis. This differs from acidic burns, which form a protective layer (eschar) that limits deeper penetration. Alkaline substances create no such barrier, allowing deeper tissue penetration.
The elevated pH saponifies fats in cell membranes, turning them into soap-like substances. This compromises the skin’s natural barrier, enabling alkali to penetrate underlying tissues. High alkalinity also denatures proteins, disrupting cell and tissue integrity. This combination means alkaline burns tend to be profound, with damage progressing slowly even after initial contact.
Factors Increasing Risk and Severity
Several factors influence the likelihood and severity of a cement burn. The duration of skin contact is crucial; longer exposure to wet cement leads to more severe burns. Even 60 minutes can cause severe injury.
Moisture also affects the reaction; dry cement powder is less harmful until hydrated. Sweat or damp clothing can facilitate the chemical reaction, increasing the severity of the burn. Cement trapped in gloves, boots, or jewelry can delay treatment and worsen the injury. Even high temperatures of concrete can exacerbate the severity of the burn.
Immediate Steps for Cement Exposure
Prompt action is important after skin contact with wet cement to minimize harm. Immediately remove any contaminated clothing, jewelry, or protective gear. If the cement is dry, brush off powder before applying water, as water activates its corrosive properties.
Rinse the affected skin thoroughly with cool or lukewarm water for at least 15 to 20 minutes, or up to 30 minutes. Seek immediate medical attention, even if the burn does not appear severe initially. Alkaline burn damage can progress slowly and insidiously over time. To prevent exposure, wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE): heavy-duty waterproof gloves, long sleeves and pants tucked into waterproof boots, and knee pads when kneeling.