Sleepwalking (somnambulism) is a sleep disorder where individuals perform activities while asleep. Many wonder if waking a sleepwalker is harmful, a question rooted in common myths and safety concerns.
The Sleepwalking State
Sleepwalking is a parasomnia, an abnormal behavior occurring during sleep. It typically arises during Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep’s deepest stage, slow-wave sleep (N3), usually in the first third of the night.
During a sleepwalking episode, the brain is in a mixed state of arousal. Motor areas are active, allowing movement and environmental interaction, while regions for self-awareness and memory remain asleep. This disconnect means the body can move and perform actions, while the mind lacks full consciousness or the ability to form memories of the event.
As a result, sleepwalkers often have a glazed expression, diminished awareness, and will not recall their actions upon waking. This partial arousal explains why sleepwalkers can navigate their surroundings but appear unresponsive or confused.
Why Waking is Discouraged
Waking a sleepwalker is not dangerous, dispelling common myths about heart attack or brain damage. However, abruptly rousing them can cause significant distress and potential risks. Startled from this deep, mixed state, individuals often experience profound confusion, disorientation, and fear. They may not immediately recognize their surroundings or the person waking them.
This sudden awakening can trigger a “fight or flight” response, leading to agitation or aggressive reactions. A disoriented sleepwalker might injure themselves by falling or bumping into objects, or accidentally harm the person waking them. While not inherently harmful, the resulting confusion and potential for physical reaction are the primary reasons why waking is discouraged.
Safe Intervention Strategies
When encountering a sleepwalker, prioritize their safety by gently guiding them back to bed without fully waking them. Maintain a calm, gentle demeanor; speak softly and avoid sudden movements or loud noises. The goal is to steer them away from potential hazards and back to their sleeping area.
To prevent injuries, remove obstacles and secure the home environment. This includes locking doors and windows, securing stairways with gates, and keeping dangerous items out of reach. If sleepwalking is a recurring issue, maintaining a consistent sleep schedule and adequate sleep can help reduce episodes. If episodes are frequent, cause injury, or significant distress, consult a healthcare professional or sleep specialist.